前言
RPM 会有烦人的 Dependence 的问题...当然就会有人想办法来解决...在 Debian 中出了 apt 来解决这个问题...然后巴西的公司将其移植到 RPM 系统上 ...然后 cle 的 candyz 则是将它收入 cle 里...
个人在使用一段时间之后...发现实在很方便...一旦整个系统装好之后...把 APT Server on 起来...您的光驱就很少会再用到...因为所有的安装都交给 APT 来做...建议大家可以把 APT Server 装起来试试...超好用的…
准备
测试系统: Red Hat Linux 7.3
所需套件: apt-0.3.19cnc55-5.i386.rpm , apt-devel-0.3.19cnc55-5.i386.rpm
参考网站: http://cle.linux.org.tw/
Candyz 文件
底下是 Candyz 的发表文件...您也可以在其站上找到这篇...
#!/bin/bash
## Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Chung-Yen Chang <candyz at linux.org.tw>
##
## This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
## modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
## as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
## of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
##
## This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
## GNU General Public License for more details.
##
## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
## along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
## Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
## 02111-1307, USA.
##
## Jun 26 2002
## Last modified by Chung-Yen Chang <candyz at linux.org.tw>
#
# =================
# APT Server 的架设
# =================
#
BASEDIR=/var/ftp/gaga
#
cd $BASEDIR
rm -rf SRPMS.gaga
ln -sf SRPMS SRPMS.gaga
#
cd RedHat
rm -rf RPMS.gaga
ln -sf RPMS RPMS.gaga
#
sh /usr/bin/genbasedir --topdir=/var/ftp/gaga --bloat --bz2only --progress RedHat gaga
#
# ================
# APT Clients 部份
# ================
#
关于 CLE 的升级系统我采用的是 APT 套件,这套在 debian 上相当著名的套件,不久前巴西的 Conectiva公司将其移植到 RPM 系统上,而我把它移植到 CLE 上来相信有用过 debian 或玩过 apt 的人,应该都不会太陌生才是
事实上在过年前我就已经在测试了,目前运作的状况还算可以接受目前仅供 RedHat 7.0 以上的系统进行升级我测试过的,全新安装一台英文版的 RedHat7 后,再以 apt 来升级,升级完成后,就跟 CLE 1.0 是一样的了,这样也不失为一个不错的升级管道目前我在升级新套件时,都已经是用 apt 在运作了...
＊＊ 注意 ＊＊本套件仍在发展阶段,因此,并不保证一定适合每个人的状况,所以,请要使用的人可以的话,最好先备份一下您的重要资料(而我已使用了一段时间了,一切都很正常)若您因为使用这个套件而造成损失,我将不负任何责任
所需套件:
至 CLE 网站下载以下两个套件
ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/CLE/i386/RedHat/RPMS/
apt-0.3.19cnc55-5.i386.rpm
apt-devel-0.3.19cnc55-5.i386.rpm
下载回来后,以 rpm -ivh 将其安装起来
主要设定档:
1./etc/apt/sources.list
这是最重要的设定文件了,记载着 Server repository 的一些信息,内容如下:
# Package repository URLs
#
# CLE 1.1(gaga) Mirrors
#
rpm ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/CLE/i386 RedHat gaga freshrpms
rpm-src ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/CLE/i386 RedHat gaga freshrpms
这是内定的,若您知道有距离您更近的站有提供同样的服务时,可以依照您的需求更改或是增加您要的站台目前国内有提供 apt 服务的列表可参考底下网址:
http://cle.linux.org.tw/index.php?SCREEN=story_view&sid=&pathway=71&node=277
2.其它在 /etc/apt 目录下的一些设定文件 apt.conf rpmpriorities vendors.list使用内定的即可,若有需要变更,请 man 一下或是自行参考 apt 的说明文件
主要指令:
主要有 apt-cache apt-cdrom apt-config apt-get 这四个指令,一般使用者比较会用到的,应该就是 apt-get 指令了,其它更详细的说明请自行 man 或是参考相关的说明文件
=======
apt-get
=======
1.apt-get update
更新套件信息,要升级之前,最好都先执行一次本指令和 Server 端的信息同步一下
2.apt-get check
检查你系统上套件的相依性状况
3.apt-get dist-upgrade 和 apt-get upgrade
执行整个升级动作,建议用 apt-get dist-upgrade 比较好
4.apt-get install 套件名称
安装某一个套件及其相关的套件如 apt-get install xcin 这样就会帮您安装好 xcin 了,连 libtabe 也会一并帮您安装好
5.apt-get remove 套件名称
移除某套件,和 rpm -e 功能一样,同时还会帮您把相关的套件一并移除
6.apt-get source 套件名称
抓回 source rpm
例: apt-get source --compile zhcon
抓回 source rpm 并编译成 binary rpm
--compile 参数就如同 rpm -ba 一般
7.apt-get clean
删除下载回来的档案
=========
apt-cdrom
=========
在您安装好系统后,可以使用 apt-cdrom 来把这三片光盘加入 apt 的 sources.list 中用法如下:
$ apt-cdrom add
Using CD-ROM mount point /mnt/cdrom/
Unmounting CD-ROM
Please insert a Disc in the drive and press enter
Mounting CD-ROM
Identifying.. [af0e7c988f7ae057a4a3bccc8008134d-2]
Scanning Disc for index files.. Found 1 package indexes and 0 source indexes.
Please provide a name for this Disc, such as 'MyDistro 6.0 Disk 1':
Gaga V1.1 disc1
This Disc is called:
'Gaga V1.1 disc1'
Reading Indexes... Done
Writing new source list
Source List entries for this Disc are:
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ RedHat gaga
Repeat this process for the rest of the CDs in your set.
$ apt-cdrom add
Using CD-ROM mount point /mnt/cdrom/
Unmounting CD-ROM
Please insert a Disc in the drive and press enter
Mounting CD-ROM
Identifying.. [de0703cd627985ce5ea8d9647abc3e4a-2]
Scanning Disc for index files.. Found 1 package indexes and 0 source indexes.
Please provide a name for this Disc, such as 'MyDistro 6.0 Disk 1':
Gaga V1.1 disc2
This Disc is called:
'Gaga V1.1 disc2'
Reading Indexes... Done
Writing new source list
Source List entries for this Disc are:
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc2]/ RedHat gaga
Repeat this process for the rest of the CDs in your set.
$ apt-cdrom add
Using CD-ROM mount point /mnt/cdrom/
Unmounting CD-ROM
Please insert a Disc in the drive and press enter
Mounting CD-ROM
Identifying.. [0daa110860c40f563b2179487f11fdcf-2]
Scanning Disc for index files.. Found 1 package indexes and 0 source indexes.
Please provide a name for this Disc, such as 'MyDistro 6.0 Disk 1':
Gaga V1.1 disc3
This Disc is called:
'Gaga V1.1 disc3'
Reading Indexes... Done
Writing new source list
Source List entries for this Disc are:
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc3]/ RedHat gaga
Repeat this process for the rest of the CDs in your set.
在加完三片光盘后,您应该可以在您的 /etc/apt/sources.list 里看到如下三行:
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc3]/ RedHat gaga
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc2]/ RedHat gaga
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ RedHat gaga
这样以后就可以使用 apt-get 来安装之前未安装的套件了
范例如下:
若您并没有连上网络,请修改您的 /etc/apt/sources.list
把其它各行都删除或是批注起来,只留下底下这三行
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc3]/ RedHat gaga
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc2]/ RedHat gaga
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ RedHat gaga
$ apt-get update
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc3 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc2 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc1 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc3 RedHat/base/mirrors
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc2 RedHat/base/mirrors
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc1 RedHat/base/mirrors
Processing File Dependencies... Done
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc3]/ will not be authenticated.
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc2]/ will not be authenticated.
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ will not be authenticated.
$ apt-get install zhcon
Processing File Dependencies... Done
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
zhcon
0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove(replace) and 0 not
upgraded.
Need to get 0B/3098kB of archives. After unpacking 5466kB will be used.
Media Change: Please insert the disc labeled 'Gaga V1.1 disc3' in the drive
'/mnt/cdrom/' and press enter
Get:1 cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc3 RedHat/gaga zhcon 0.14-6 [3098kB]
Fetched 3098kB in 4m35s (11.3kB/s)
Executing RPM (-U)...
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:zhcon ########################################### [100%]
根据指示放入 'Gaga V1.1 disc3' 第三片光盘即可
也可免除要新增套件时,不知道该套件到底是放在哪一片光盘片上而要找半天的麻烦
如何把 iso檔加入 sources.list 用 apt-get 来安装之前未安装的套件?
$ mount -o loop gaga-20020625-1.iso /mnt/cdrom/
$ apt-cdrom add -m -d /mnt/cdrom
Using CD-ROM mount point /mnt/cdrom/
Identifying.. [af0e7c988f7ae057a4a3bccc8008134d-2]
Scanning Disc for index files.. Found 1 package indexes and 0 source indexes.
Please provide a name for this Disc, such as 'MyDistro 6.0 Disk 1':
Gaga V1.1 disc1
This Disc is called:
'Gaga V1.1 disc1'
Reading Indexes... Done
Writing new source list
Source List entries for this Disc are:
rpm cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ RedHat gaga
Repeat this process for the rest of the CDs in your set.
===========================================================
-m 参数表示我们自己已经 mount CDROM 了,不用再 mount 一次
-d /mnt/cdrom 用来指定我们的挂载点
重复此步骤把三个 iso 檔都加入 sources.list 中
接下来
$ apt-get update
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc3 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc2 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc1 RedHat release.gaga
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc3 RedHat/base/mirrors
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc2 RedHat/base/mirrors
Ign cdrom://Gaga V1.1 disc1 RedHat/base/mirrors
Processing File Dependencies... Done
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc3]/ will not be authenticated.
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc2]/ will not be authenticated.
W: cdrom:[Gaga V1.1 disc1]/ will not be authenticated.
$ apt-get install zhcon
Processing File Dependencies... Done
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
zhcon
0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove(replace) and 0 not
upgraded.
Need to get 0B/3098kB of archives. After unpacking 5466kB will be used.
Media Change: Please insert the disc labeled 'Gaga V1.1 disc3' in the drive
'/mnt/cdrom/' and press enter
此时再开个窗口手动把 disc3 iso 挂载到 /mnt/cdrom 下即可
=========
apt-cache
=========
1.apt-cache showpkg
显示套件信息
例: apt-cache showpkg zhcon
2.apt-cache stats
显示相关的统计信息
3.apt-cache dump
颢示 cache 中每个套件的简短信息
4.apt-cache unmet
检查所有未符合相依性的相关信息
5.apt-cache show
显示套件信息,同 rpm -qi 一般
6.apt-cache search
寻找档案
例: apt-cache search zhcon
7.apt-cache depends
显示套件的相依性
例: apt-cache depends zhcon
8.apt-cache pkgnames
寻找符合的套件名称
例: $ apt-cache pkgnames openss
openssh-askpass
openssl096
openssl-perl
openssl095a
openssl-python
openssh-clients
openssl-devel
openssh-askpass-gnome
openssh
openssl
openssh-server
==========
apt-config
==========
1.apt-config dump
显示目前的设定状态
===========================================================
以上这些是比较常用到的指令
基本上,若要升级,只要定期执行 apt-get update 和 apt-get dist-upgrade 就
可以维持和 CLE 最新的套件同步的状况了...
另外我也写了一个选单式的 script,您可以直接执行 apt ,然后选择您要的指令即可
其它还有几个不错的 apt 前端程序,选单模式的 aptitude 及图形接口的 synaptic,
aptitude 已纳入 gaga 中,而 synaptic 则可以在底下网站下载到:
ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/mirror/freshrpms/valhalla/synaptic/
注意:
在升级一些特殊的套件时,尤其像是 kernel 和 glibc 等,升级的先后顺序也很重要
请您还是先download回来后,再用 rpm -Uvh 去升级比较保险
至于其它的套件,就比较没关系了,放心的用 apt 去升级
若遇到无法用 apt 升级时,那就改用 rpm 先去升级该套件吧
