Initialization
初始化
* All class-level (member) variables are initialized before they can
be used.
All local variables are not initialized until it is done eXPlicitly.
* 所有的主成员在他们使用之前被初始化
所有的局部变量必须通过显式的赋值来初始化
* An array object (as distinct from reference) is always initialized
(with zeroes or nulls)
* 数组对象总是能够初始化（零或者null）
* Member initialization with the declaration has exception problems:
- cannot call methods that throw a checked exception.
- cannot do error recovery from runtime exceptions.
- If you need to deal with errors you can put the initialization code
along with try/catch statements in either a ctor (for instance fields)
or in a static initialization block for static fields. You can also have
instance (non-static) initialization blocks but ctors are more
recognizable.
* 需要处理异常的成员初始化
- 不能调用会抛出异常的方法
- 不能对基本异常做任何处理
- 假如你需要处理错误，将初始化的代码放到构造器或者静态初始化块的
try/catch块中，当然，你也可以放到非静态的代码块中，但是构造器似乎更为通用。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strings
字符串
* The String class
- Because string is an immutable class, its instance methods that
look like they would transform the object they are invoked upon,
do not alter the object and instead return new String objects.
- String has methods concat(String),trim(),replace(char,char)
- String has static valueOf methods for a whole bunch of primitives
and for Object too (equivalent to Object.toString()).
- in substring(int,int), the second arg is exclusive.
- indexOf methods returns -1 for 'not found'
* 类String
- 类String是不可变的，即使他的某些方法看起来会改变字符串的内容，但实际
上他们返回的是一个新的字符串，而不是改变原来的字符串
- 类String的方法：cancat(String)，trim()，replace(char,char)
- 类String的静态方法valueOf能处理所有的基本类型和对象（调用对象的
toString()方法）
- 在substring(int,int)方法中，第二个参数是"不包括"的（译者注：第一个参
数是"包括"的，例如substring(1,4)将会返回字符串从第二个字符开始（包括
第二个字符），到第五个字符结束（不包括第五个字符）的子字符串）
- 假如没有找到，indexOf方法将返回-1
* String Pool:
A JVM has a string pool where it keeps at most one object of any
String. String literals always refer to an object in the string
pool. String objects created with the new operator do not refer to
objects in the string pool but can be made to using String's intern()
method. Two String references to 'equal' strings in the string pool
will be '=='.
* 字符串池
虚拟机有一个字符串池，保存着几乎所有的字符串对象。字符串表达式总是指向
字符串池中的一个对象。使用new操作创建的字符串对象不指向字符串池中的对象
但是可以使用intern方法使其指向字符串池中的对象（译者注：假如池中已经有
相同的字符串--使用equals方法确定，则直接返回池中的字符串，否则先将字符串
添加到池中，再返回）。池中两个相等的字符串假如使用'=='来比较将返回真
* StringBuffer doesn't override equals.
* 类StringBuffer没有覆盖equals方法
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arrays
数组
* Arrays are objects .. the following create a reference for an int array.
int[] ii;
int ii[];
* 数组是一个对象 .. 下面的代码创建一个整型数组的引用：
int[] ii;
int ii[];
* You can create an array object with new or an explicit initializer:
ii = new int[3];
ii = new int[] { 1,2,3 };
int[] ii = { 1,2,3 ); // only when you declare the reference.
* 你可以通过new操作或者显式的初始化创建一个数组对象：
ii = new int[3];
ii = new int[] { 1,2,3 };
int[] ii = { 1,2,3 }; // 只有声明的时候
* CAREFUL: You can't create an array object with:
int iA[3];
* 小心：你不能象下面这样创建一个数组对象：
int iA[3];
* If you don't provides values, the elements of obj arrays are
always initialized to null and those of primitive arrays are
always initialized to 0.
* 假如你不提供初始值，对象数组的元素总是初始化成null，基本类型数组的元素
总是初始化成零
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primitive Types
基本类型
* Primitive types:
- short and char are both 2 bytes.
int and float are both 4 bytes.
long and double are both 8 bytes.
- char is the only unsigned primitive type.
* 基本类型：
- short和char的长度是两个字节。
int和float的长度都是四个字节。
long和double的长度都是八个字节。
- char是唯一的无符号基本类型
* Literals:
- You can have boolean, char, int, long, float, double and String
literals.
You cannot have byte or short literals.
- char literals: 'd' '\u0c20' (the 0c20 must be a 4-digit hex number).
- int literals: 0x3c0 is hex, 010 is octal(for 8).
- You can initialize byte, short and char variables with int literals
(or const int expressions) provided the int is in the appropriate range.
* 表达式
- 只有boolean，char，int，long，float，double和字符串的表达式；没有byte
和short的表达式
- 字符（char）表达式：'d'、'\u0c20'（0c20必须是四位的十六进制数字）
- 整型（int）表达式：0x3c0是十六进制形式，010是八进制形式
- 可是使用合法范围内的整型表达式对byte、short和char变量初始化
* CAREFUL: can't assign a double literal to a float .. float fff = 26.55;
* 小心：不能将一个double表达式赋给一个float变量 .. float fff = 26.55;
* The only bit operators allowed for booleans are &^ (cant do ~ or
shift ops)
* 位运算只有&^（不能使用~或者移位操作）
* Primitive wrapper classes
- are immutable.
- override equals.
- the static valueOf(String) methods in primitive wrapper classes return
wrapper objects rather than a primitives.
* 基本类型的包装类
- 不可变的
- 覆盖equals方法
- 静态方法valueOf(String)返回的是包装类而不是基本类型
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conversions and Promotions
类型转换
* boolean-anything but boolean or string is not allowed.
* All other primitive conversions are allowed with an explicit cast.
* char/byte/short/int/long to float/double is a widening conversion even
if some precision is lost (the overall magnitude is always preserved).
* Narrowing conversions require an explicit cast.
- integral narrowing conversions simply discard high-order bits.
- anything to char is a narrowing conversion (inc byte) because its
signed to unsigned and negative numbers get messed up
* boolean不能跟其它的任何类型相互转换，但是boolean-String是答应的
* 所有的基本类型之间可以通过显式的类型转换而转变成其它类型
* char/byte/short/int/long到float/double的转换是宽转换，即使有可能丢掉部
分信息
* 窄转换需要显式的转换
- 整型的窄转换只简单的去掉高位比特
- 所有到char的转换都是窄转换（包括byte）因为转换是从有符号数到无符号数
