Network Working Group K. Lougheed
Request for Comments: 1105 cisco Systems
Y. Rekhter
T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corp.
June 1989
A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Status of this Memo
This RFCoutlines a specific approach for the exchange of network
reachability information between Autonomous Systems.
At the time of this writing, the Border Gateway Protocol
implementations exist for cisco routers as well as for the NSFNET
Nodal Switching Systems. A public domain version for "gated" is
currently being implemented.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
1. IntrodUCtion
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an inter-autonomous system
routing protocol. It is built on eXPerience gained with EGP as
defined in RFC904 [1] and EGP usage in the NSFNET Backbone as
described in RFC1092 [2] and RFC1093 [3].
The primary function of a BGP speaking system is to exchange network
reachability information with other BGP systems. This network
reachability information includes information on the autonomous
systems (AS's) that traffic must transit to reach these networks.
This information is sufficient to construct a graph of AS
connectivity from which routing loops may be pruned and policy
decisions at an AS level may be enforced.
BGP runs over a reliable transport level protocol. This eliminates
the need to implement explicit update fragmentation, retransmission,
acknowledgement, and sequencing. Any authentication scheme used by
the transport protocol may be used in addition to BGP's own
authentication mechanisms.
The initial BGP implementation is based on TCP [4], however any
reliable transport may be used. A message passing protocol such as
VMTP [5] might be more natural for BGP. TCP will be used, however,
since it is present in virtually all commercial routers and hosts.
In the following descriptions the phrase "transport protocol
connection" can be understood to refer to a TCP connection. BGP uses
TCP port 179 for establishing its connections.
2. Summary of Operation
Two hosts form a transport protocol connection between one another.
They exchange messages to open and confirm the connection parameters.
The initial data flow is the entire BGP routing table. Incremental
updates are sent as the routing tables change. Keepalive messages
are sent periodically to ensure the liveness of the connection.
Notification messages are sent in response to errors or special
conditions. If a connection encounters an error condition, a
notification message is sent and the connection is optionally closed.
The hosts executing the Border Gateway Protocol need not be routers.
A non-routing host could exchange routing information with routers
via EGP or even an interior routing protocol. That non-routing host
could then use BGP to exchange routing information with a border
gateway in another autonomous system. The implications and
applications of this architecture are for further study.
If a particular AS has more than one BGP gateway, then all these
gateways should have a consistent view of routing. A consistent view
of the interior routes of the autonomous system is provided by the
intra-AS routing protocol. A consistent view of the routes exterior
to the AS may be provided in a variety of ways. One way is to use
the BGP protocol to exchange routing information between the BGP
gateways within a single AS. In this case, in order to maintain
consist routing information, these gateways MUST have direct BGP
sessions with each other (the BGP sessions should form a complete
graph). Note that this requirement does not imply that all BGP
gateways within a single AS must have direct links to each other;
other methods may be used to ensure consistent routing information.
3. Message Formats
This section describes message formats and actions to be taken when
errors are detected while processing these messages.
Messages are sent over a reliable transport protocol connection. A
message is processed after it is entirely received. The maximum
message size is 1024 bytes. All implementations are required to
support this maximum message size. The smallest message that may be
sent consists of a BGP header without a data portion, or 8 bytes.
The phrase "the BGP connection is closed" means that the transport
protocol connection has been closed and that all resources for that
BGP connection have been deallocated. Routing table entries
associated with the remote peer are marked as invalid. This
information is passed to other BGP peers before being deleted from
the system.
3.1 Message Header Format
Each message has a fixed size header. There may or may not be a data
portion following the header, depending on the message type. The
layout of these fields is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Marker Length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Version Type Hold Time
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Marker: 16 bits
The Marker field is 16 bits of all ones. This field is used to
mark the start of a message. If the first two bytes of a message
are not all ones then we have a synchronization error and the BGP
connection should be closed after sending a notification message
with opcode 5 (connection not synchronized). No notification data
is sent.
Length: 16 bits
The Length field is 16 bits. It is the total length of the
message, incluluding header, in bytes. If an illegal length is
encountered (more than 1024 bytes or less than 8 bytes), a
notification message with opcode 6 (bad message length) and two
data bytes of the bad length should be sent and the BGP connection
closed.
Version: 8 bits
The Version field is 8 bits of protocol version number. The
current BGP version number is 1. If a bad version number is
found, a notification message with opcode 8 (bad version number)
should be sent and the BGP connection closed. The bad version
number should be included in one byte of notification data.
Type: 8 bits
The Type field is 8 bits of message type code. The following type
codes are defined:
1 - OPEN
2 - UPDATE
3 - NOTIFICATION
4 - KEEPALIVE
5 - OPEN CONFIRM
If an unrecognized type value is found, a notification message
with opcode 7 (bad type code) and data consisting of the byte of
type field in question should be sent and the BGP connection
closed.
Hold Timer: 16 bits.
This field contains the number of seconds that may elapse since
receiving a BGP KEEPALIVE or BGP UPDATE message from our BGP peer
before we declare an error and close the BGP connection.
3.2 OPEN Message Format
After a transport protocol connection is established, the first
message sent by either side is an OPEN message. If the OPEN message
is acceptable, an OPEN CONFIRM message confirming the OPEN is sent
back. Once the OPEN is confirmed, UPDATE, KEEPALIVE, and
NOTIFICATION messages may be exchanged.
In addition to the fixed size BGP header, the OPEN message contains
the following fields.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
My Autonomous System Link Type Auth. Code
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Authentication Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
My Autonomous System: 16 bits
This field is our 16 bit autonomous system number. If there is a
problem with this field, a notification message with opcode 9
(invalid AS field) should be sent and the BGP connection closed.
No notification data is sent.
Link Type: 8 bits
The Link Type field is a single octet containing one of the
following codes defining our position in the AS graph relative to
our peer.
0 - INTERNAL
1 - UP
2 - DOWN
3 - H-LINK
UP indicates the peer is higher in the AS hierarchy, DOWN
indicates lower, and H-LINK indicates at the same level. INTERNAL
indicates that the peer is another BGP speaking host in our
autonomous system. INTERNAL links are used to keep AS routing
information consistent with an AS with multiple border gateways.
If the Link Type field is unacceptable, a notification message
with opcode 1 (link type error in open) and data consisting of the
expected link type should be sent and the BGP connection closed.
The acceptable values for the Link Type fields of two BGP peers
are discussed below.
Authentication Code: 8 bits
The Authentication Code field is an octet whose value describes
the authentication mechanism being used. A value of zero
indicates no BGP authentication. Note that a separate
authentication mechanism may be used in establishing the transport
level connection. If the authentication code is not recognized, a
notification message with opcode 2 (unknown authentication code)
and no data is sent and the BGP connection is closed.
Authentication Data: variable length
The Authentication Data field is a variable length field
containing authentication data. If the value of Authentication
Code field is zero, the Authentication Data field has zero length.
If authentication fails, a notification message with opcode 3
(authentication failure) and no data is sent and the BGP
connection is closed.
3.3 OPEN CONFIRM Message Format
An OPEN CONFIRM message is sent after receiving an OPEN message.
This completes the BGP connection setup. UPDATE, NOTIFICATION, and
KEEPALIVE messages may now be exchanged.
An OPEN CONFIRM message consists of a BGP header with an OPEN CONFIRM
type code. There is no data in an OPEN CONFIRM message.
3.4 UPDATE Message Format
UPDATE messages are used to transfer routing information between BGP
peers. The information in the UPDATE packet can be used to construct
a graph describing the relationships of the various autonomous
systems. By applying rules to be discussed, routing information
loops and some other anomalies may be detected and removed from the
inter-AS routing.
Whenever an error in a UPDATE message is detected, a notification
message is sent with opcode 4 (bad update), a two byte subcode
describing the nature of the problem, and a data field consisting of
as much of the UPDATE message data portion as possible. UPDATE
messages have the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Gateway
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
AS count Direction AS Number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
repeat (Direction, AS Number) pairs AS count times
/ /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Net Count
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Metric
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
repeat (Network, Metric) pairs Net Count times
/ /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Gateway: 32 bits.
The Gateway field is the address of a gateway that has routes to
the Internet networks listed in the rest of the UPDATE message.
This gateway MUST belong to the same AS as the BGP peer who
advertises it. If there is a problem with the gateway field, a
notification message with subcode 6 (invalid gateway field) is
sent.
AS count: 8 bits.
This field is the count of Direction and AS Number pairs in this
UPDATE message. If an incorrect AS count field is detected,
subcode 1 (invalid AS count) is specified in the notification
message.
Direction: 8 bits
The Direction field is an octet containing the direction taken by
the routing information when exiting the AS defined by the
succeeding AS Number field. The following values are defined.
1 - UP (went up a link in the graph)
2 - DOWN (went down a link in the graph)
3 - H_LINK (horizontal link in the graph)
4 - EGP_LINK (EGP derived information)
5 - INCOMPLETE (incomplete information)
There is a special provision to pass exterior learned (non-BGP)
routes over BGP. If an EGP learned route is passed over BGP, then
the Direction field is set to EGP-LINK and the AS Number field is
set to the AS number of the EGP peer that advertised this route.
All other exterior-learned routes (non-BGP and non-EGP) may be
passed by setting AS Number field to zero and Direction field to
INCOMPLETE. If the direction code is not recognized, a
notification message with subcode 2 (invalid direction code) is
sent.
AS Number: 16 bits
This field is the AS number that transmitted the routing
information. If there is a problem with this AS number, a
notification message with subcode 3 (invalid autonomous system) is
sent.
Net Count: 16 bits.
The Net Count field is the number of Metric and Network field
pairs which follow this field. If there is a problem with this
field, a notification with subcode 7 (invalid net count field) is
sent.
Network: 32 bits
The Network field is four bytes of Internet network number. If
there is a problem with the network field, a notification message
with subcode 8 (invalid network field) is sent.
Metric: 16 bits
The Metric field is 16 bits of an unspecified metric. BGP metrics
are comparable ONLY if routes have exactly the same AS path. A
metric of all ones indicates the network is unreachable. In all
other cases the metric field is MEANINGLESS and MUST BE IGNORED.
There are no illegal metric values.
3.5 NOTIFICATION Message Format
NOTIFICATION messages are sent when an error condition is detected.
The BGP connection is closed shortly after sending the notification
message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Opcode Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Opcode: 16 bits
The Opcode field describes the type of NOTIFICATION. The
following opcodes have been defined.
1 (*) - link type error in open. Data is one byte of proper
link type.
2 (*) - unknown authentication code. No data.
3 (*) - authentication failure. No data.
4 - update error. See below for data description.
5 (*) - connection out of sync. No data.
6 (*) - invalid message length. Data is two bytes of
bad length.
7 (*) - invalid message type. Data is one byte of bad
message type.
8 (*) - invalid version number. Data is one byte of
bad version.
9 (*) - invalid AS field in OPEN. No data.
10 (*) - BGP Cease. No data.
The starred opcodes in the list above are considered fatal errors
and cause transport connection termination.
The update error (opcode 4) has as data 16 bits of subcode
followed by the last UPDATE message in question. After the
subcode comes as much of the data portion of the UPDATE in
question as possible. The following subcodes are defined:
1 - invalid AS count
2 - invalid direction code
3 - invalid autonomous system
4 - EGP_LINK or INCOMPLETE_LINK link type at other than
the end of the AS path list
5 - routing loop
6 - invalid gateway field
7 - invalid Net Count field
8 - invalid network field
Data: variable
The Data field contains zero or more bytes of data to be used in
diagnosing the reason for the NOTIFICATION. The contents of the
Data field depend upon the opcode. See the opcode descriptions
above for more details.
3.6 KEEPALIVE Message Format
BGP does not use any transport protocol based keepalive mechanism to
determine if peers are reachable. Instead KEEPALIVE messages are
exchanged between peers often enough as not to cause the hold time
(as advertised in the BGP header) to expire. A reasonable minimum
frequency of KEEPALIVE exchange would be one third of the Hold Time
interval.
As soon as the Hold Time associated with BGP peer has expired, the
BGP connection is closed and BGP deallocates all resources associated
with this peer.
The KEEPALIVE message is a BGP header without any data.
4. BGP Finite State machine.
This section specifies BGP operation in terms of a Finite State
Machine (FSM). Following is a brief summary and overview of BGP
operations by state as determined by this FSM. A condensed version
of the BGP FSM is found in Appendix 1.
Initially BGP is in the BGP_Idle state.
BGP_Idle state:
In this state BGP refuses all incoming BGP connections. No
resources are allocated to the BGP neighbor. In response to the
Start event (initiated by either system or operator) the local
system initializes all BGP resources and changes its state to
BGP_Active.
BGP_Active state:
In this state BGP is trying to acquire a BGP neighbor by opening a
transport protocol connection. If the transport protocol open
fails (for example, retransmission timeout), BGP stays in the
BGP_Active state.
Otherwise, the local system sends an OPEN message to its peer,
and changes its state to BGP_OpenSent. Since the hold time of the
peer is still undetermined, the hold time is initialized to some
large value.
In response to the Stop event (initiated by either system or
operator) the local system releases all BGP resources and changes
its state to BGP_Idle.
BGP_OpenSent state:
In this state BGP waits for an OPEN message from its peer. When
an OPEN message is received, all fields are checked for
correctness. If the initial BGP header checking detects an error,
BGP deallocates all resources associated with this peer and
returns to the BGP_Active state. Otherwise, the Link Type,
Authentication Code, and Authentication Data fields are checked
for correctness.
If the link type is incorrect, a NOTIFICATION message with opcode
1 (link type error in open) is sent. The following combination of
link type fields are correct; all other combinations are invalid.
Our view Peer view
UP DOWN
DOWN UP
INTERNAL INTERNAL
H-LINK H-LINK
If the link between two peers is INTERNAL, then AS number of both
peers must be the same. Otherwise, a NOTIFICATION message with
opcode 1 (link type error in open) is sent.
If both peers have the same AS number and the link type between
these peers is not INTERNAL, then a NOTIFICATION message with
opcode 1 (link type error in open) is sent.
If the value of the Authentication Code field is zero, any
information in the Authentication Data field (if present) is
ignored. If the Authentication Code field is non-zero it is
checked for known authentication codes. If authentication code is
unknown, then the BGP NOTIFICATION message with opcode 2 (unknown
authentication code) is sent.
If the Authentication Code value is non-zero, then the
corresponding authentication procedure is invoked. The default
values are a zero Authentication Code and no Authentication Data.
If any of the above tests detect an error, the local system closes
the BGP connection and changes its state to BGP_Idle.
If there are no errors in the BGP OPEN message, BGP sends an OPEN
CONFIRM message and goes into the BGP_OpenConfirm state. At this
point the hold timer which was originally set to some arbitrary
large value (see above) is replaced with the value indicated in
the OPEN message.
If disconnect notification is received from the underlying
transport protocol or if the hold time expires, the local system
closes the BGP connection and changes its state to BGP_Idle.
BGP_OpenConfirm state:
In this state BGP waits for an OPEN CONFIRM message. As soon as
this message is received, BGP changes its state to
BGP_Established. If the hold timer expires before an OPEN CONFIRM
message is received, the local system closes the BGP connection
and changes its state to BGP_Idle.
BGP_Established state:
In the BGP_Established state BGP can exchange UPDATE,
NOTIFICATION, and KEEPALIVE messages with its peer.
If disconnect notification is received from the underlying
transport protocol or if the hold time expires, the local system
closes the BGP connection and changes its state to BGP_Idle.
In response to the Stop event initiated by either the system or
operator, the local system sends a NOTIFICATION message with
opcode 10 (BGP Cease), closes the BGP connection, and changes its
state to BGP_Idle.
5. UPDATE Message Handling
A BGP UPDATE message may be received only in the BGP_Established
state. When a BGP UPDATE message is received, each field is checked
for validity. When a NOTIFICATION message is sent regarding an
UPDATE, the opcode is always 4 (update error), the subcode depends on
the type of error, and the rest of the data field is as much as
possible of the data portion of the UPDATE that caused the error.
If the Gateway field is incorrect, a BGP NOTIFICATION message is sent
with subcode 6 (invalid gateway field). All information in this
UPDATE message is discarded.
If the AS Count field is less than or equal to zero, a BGP
NOTIFICATION is sent with subcode 1 (invalid AS count). Otherwise,
the complete AS path is extracted and checked as described below.
If one of the Direction fields in the AS route list is not defined, a
BGP NOTIFICATION message is with subcode 2 (invalid direction code).
If one of the AS Number fields in the AS route list is incorrect, a
BGP NOTIFICATION message is sent with subcode 3 (invalid autonomous
system).
If either a EGP_LINK or a INCOMPLETE_LINK link type occurs at other
than the end of the AS path, a BGP NOTIFICATION message is sent with
subcode 4 (EGP_LINK or INCOMPLETE_LINK link type at other than the
end of the AS path list).
If none of the above tests failed, the full AS route is checked for
AS loops.
AS loop detection is done by scanning the full AS route and checking
that each AS in this route occurs only once. If an AS loop is
detected, a BGP NOTIFICATION message is sent with subcode 5 (routing
loop).
If any of the above errors are detected, no further processing is
done. Otherwise, the complete AS path is correct and the rest of the
UPDATE message is processed.
If the Net Count field is incorrect, a BGP NOTIFICATION message is
sent with subcode 7 (invalid Net Count field).
Each network and metric pair listed in the BGP UPDATE message is
checked for a valid network number. If the Network field is
incorrect, a BGP Notification message is sent with subcode 8 (invalid
network field). No checking is done on the metric field. It is up
to a particular implementation to decide whether to continue
processing or terminate it upon the first incorrect network.
If the network, its complete AS path, and the gateway are correct,
then the route is compared with other routes to the same network. If
the new route is better than the current one, then it is flooded to
other BGP peers as follows:
- If the BGP UPDATE was received over the INTERNAL link, it is not
propagated over any other INTERNAL link. This restriction is
due to the fact that all BGP gateways within a single AS
form a completely connected graph (see above).
- Before sending a BGP UPDATE message over the non-INTERNAL links,
check the AS path to insure that doing so would not cause a
routing loop. The BGP UPDATE message is then propagated (subject
to the local policy restrictions) over any of the non-INTERNAL
link of a routing loop would not result.
- If the BGP UPDATE message is propagated over a non-INTERNAL link,
then the current AS number and link type of the link over which
it is going to be propagated is prepended to the full AS path
and the AS count field is incremented by 1. If the BGP UPDATE
message is propagated over an INTERNAL link, then the full AS
path passed unmodified and the AS count stays the same. The
Gateway field is replaced with the sender's own address.
6. Acknowledgements
We would like to express our thanks to Len Bosack (cisco Systems),
Jeff Honig (Cornell University) and all members of the IWG task force
for their contributions to this document.
Appendix 1
BGP FSM State Transitions and Actions.
This Appendix discusses the transitions between states in the BGP FSM
in response to BGP events. The following is the list of these states
and events.
BGP States:
1 - BGP_Idle
2 - BGP_Active
3 - BGP_OpenSent
4 - BGP_OpenConfirm
5 - BGP_Established
BGP Events:
1 - BGP Start
2 - BGP Transport connection open
3 - BGP Transport connection closed
4 - BGP Transport connection open failed
5 - Receive OPEN message
6 - Receive OPEN CONFIRM message
7 - Receive KEEPALIVE message
8 - Receive UPDATE messages
9 - Receive NOTIFICATION message
10 - Holdtime timer expired
11 - KeepAlive timer expired
12 - Receive CEASE message
13 - BGP Stop
The following table describes the state transitions of the BGP FSM
and the actions triggered by these transitions.
Event Actions Message Sent Next State
--------------------------------------------------------------------
BGP_Idle (1)
1 Initialize resources none 2
BGP_Active (2)
2 Initialize resources OPEN 3
4 none none 2
13 Release resources none 1
BGP_OpenSent(3)
3 none none 1
5 Process OPEN is OK OPEN CONFIRM 4
Process OPEN Message failed NOTIFICATION 1
11 Restart KeepAlive timer KEEPALIVE 3
13 Release resources none 1
BGP_OpenConfirm (4)
6 Complete initialization none 5
3 none none 1
10 Close transport connection none 1
11 Restart KeepAlive timer KEEPALIVE 4
13 Release resources none 1
BGP_Established (5)
7 Process KEEPALIVE none 5
8 Process UPDATE is OK UPDATE 5
Process UPDATE failed NOTIFICATION 5
9 Process NOTIFICATION none 5
10 Close transport connection none 1
11 Restart KeepAlive timer KEEPALIVE 5
12 Close transport connection NOTIFICATION 1
13 Release resources none 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------
All other state-event combinations are considered fatal errors and
cause the termination of the BGP transport connection (if necessary)
and a transition to the BGP_Idle state.
The following is a condensed version of the above state transition
table.
EventsBGP_Idle BGP_Active BGP_OpenSent BGP_OpenConfirm BGP_Estab
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 2
2 3
3 1 1
4 2
5 4 or 1
6 5
7 5
8 5
9 5
10 1 1
11 3 4 5
12 1
13 1 1 1 1
--------------------------------------------------------------
References
[1] Mills, D., "Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification", RFC
904, BBN, April 1984.
[2] Rekhter, Y., "EGP and Policy Based Routing in the New NSFNET
Backbone", RFC1092, T. J. Watson Research Center, February 1989.
[3] Braun, H-W., "The NSFNET Routing Architecture", RFC1093,
MERIT/NSFNET Project, February 1989.
[4] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet
Program Protocol Specification", RFC793, DARPA, September 1981.
[5] Cheriton, D., "VMTP: Versatile Message Transaction Protocol", RFC
1045, Stanford University, February 1988.
Authors' Addresses
Kirk Lougheed
cisco Systems, Inc.
1360 Willow Road, Suite 201
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: (415) 326-1941
Email: LOUGHEED@MATHOM.CISCO.COM
Jacob Rekhter
T.J. Watson Research Center
IBM Corporation
P.O. Box 218
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
Phone: (914) 945-3896
Email: YAKOV@IBM.COM
