Network Working Group J. Yu
Request for Comments: 1133 H-W. Braun
Merit Computer Network
November 1989
Routing between the NSFNET and the DDN
Status of this Memo
This document is a case study of the implementation of routing
between the NSFNET and the DDN components (the MILNET and the
ARPANET). We hope that it can be used to eXPand towards
interconnection of other Administrative Domains. We would welcome
discussion and suggestions about the methods employed for the
interconnections. No standards are specified in this memo.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
1. Definitions for this document
The NSFNET is the backbone network of the National Science
Foundation's computer network infrastrUCture. It interconnects
multiple autonomously administered mid-level networks, which in turn
connect autonomously administered networks of campuses and research
centers. The NSFNET connects to multiple peer networks consisting of
national network infrastructures of other federal agencies. One of
these peer networks is the Defense Data Network (DDN) which, for the
sake of this discussion, should be viewed as the combination of the
DoD's MILNET and ARPANET component networks, both of which are
national in scope.
It should be pointed out that network announcements in one direction
result in traffic the other direction, e.g., a network announcement
via a specific interconnection between the NSFNET to the DDN results
in packet traffic via the same interconnection between the DDN to the
NSFNET.
2. NSFNET/DDN routing until mid '89
Until mid-1989, the NSFNET and the DDN were connected via a few
intermediate routers which in turn were connected to the ARPANET.
These routers exchanged network reachability information via the
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) with the NSFNET nodes as well as with
the DDN Mailbridges. In the context of network routing these
Mailbridges can be viewed as route servers, which exchange external
network reachability information via EGP while using a proprietary
protocol to exchange routing information among themselves.
Currently, there are three Mailbridges at east coast locations and
three Mailbridges at west coast locations. Besides functioning as
route servers the Mailbridges also provide for connectivity, i.e,
packet switching, between the ARPANET and the MILNET.
The intermediate systems between the NSFNET and the ARPANET were
under separate administrative control, typically by a NSFNET mid-
level network.
For a period of time, the traffic between the NSFNET and the DDN was
carried by three ARPANET gateways. These ARPANET gateways were under
the administrative control of a NSFNET mid-level network or local
site and had direct connections to both a NSFNET NSS and an ARPANET
PSN. These routers had simultaneous EGP sessions with a NSFNET NSS
as well as a DDN Mailbridge. This resulted in making them function
as packet switches between the two peer networks. As network routes
were established packets were switched between the NSFNET and the
DDN.
The NSFNET used three NSFNET/ARPANET gateways which had been provided
by three different sites for redundancy purposes. Those three sites
were initially at Cornell University, the University of Illinois
(UC), and Merit. When the ARPANET connections at Cornell University
and the University of Illinois (UC) were terminated, a similar setup
was introduced at the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center and at the John
von Neumann Supercomputer Center which, together with the Merit
connection, allowed for continued redundancy.
As described in RFC1092 and RFC1093, NSFNET routing is controlled by
a distributed policy routing database that controls the acceptance
and distribution of routing information. This control also extends
to the NSFNET/ARPANET gateways.
2.1 Inbound announcement -- Routes announced from the DDN to the
NSFNET
In the case of the three NSFNET/ARPANET gateways, each of the
associated NSSs accepted the DDN routes at a different metric. The
route with the lowest metric then was favored for the traffic towards
the specific DDN network, but had that specific gateway to the DDN
experienced problems with loss of routing information, one of the
redundant gateways would take over and carry the load as a fallback
path. Assuming consistent DDN routing information at any of the
three gateways, as received from the Mailbridges, only a single
NSFNET/ARPANET gateway was used at a given time for traffic from the
NSFNET towards the DDN, with two further gateways standing by as hot
backups. The metric for network announcements from the DDN to the
NSFNET was coordinated by the Merit/NSFNET project.
2.2 Outbound announcement -- Routes announced from the NSFNET to the
DDN
Each NSS involved with NSFNET/DDN routing had an EGP peer relation
with the NSFNET/ARPANET gateway. Via EGP it announced a certain set
of NSFNET connected networks, again, as controlled by the distributed
policy routing database, to its peer. The NSFNET/ARPANET gateway
then redistributed the networks it had learned from the NSS to the
DDN via a separate EGP session. Each of the NSFNET/ARPANET gateways
used a separate Autonomous System number to communicate EGP
information with the DDN. Also these Autonomous System numbers were
not the same as the NSFNET backbone uses to communicate with directly
attached client networks. The NSFNET/ARPANET gateways used the
Autonomous System number of the local network. The metrics for
announcing network numbers to the DDN Mailbridges were set according
to the requests of the mid-level network of which the specific
individual network was a client. Mid-level network also influenced
the specific NSFNET/ARPANET gateway used, including primary/secondary
selection. These primary/secondary selections among the
NSFNET/ARPANET gateways allowed for redundancy, while the preference
of network announcements was modulated by the metric used for the
announcements to the DDN from the NSFNET/ARPANET gateways. Some of
the selection decisions were based on reliability of a specific
gateway or congestion expected in a specific PSN that connected to
the NSFNET/ARPANET gateway.
2.3 Administrative ASPects
From an administrative point of view, the NSFNET/ARPANET gateways
were administered by the institution to which the gateway belonged.
This has never been a real problem due to the Excellent cooperation
received from all the involved sites.
3. NSFNET/DDN routing via attached Mailbridges
During the first half of 1989 a new means of interconnectivity
between the NSFNET and the DDN was designed and implemented.
Ethernet adapters were installed in two of the Mailbridges, which
previously just connected the MILNET and the ARPANET, allowing a
direct interface to NSFNET nodes. Of these two Mailbridges one is
located on the west coast at NASA-Ames located at Moffett Field, CA,
and the other one is located on the east coast at Mitre in Reston,
VA. With this direct interconnection it became possible for the
NSFNET to exchange routing information directly with the DDN route
servers, without a gateway operated by a mid-level network in the
middle. This also eliminated the need to traverse the ARPANET in
order to reach MILNET sites. It furthermore allows the Defense
Communication Agency as well as the National Science Foundation to
exercise control over the interconnection on a need basis, e.g., the
connectivity can now be easily disabled from either site at times of
tighter network security concerns.
3.1 Inbound announcement -- Routes announced from the DDN to the
NSFNET
The routing setup for the direct Mailbridge connections is somewhat
different, as compared to the previously used NSFNET/ARPANET
gateways. Instead of a single NSFNET/ARPANET gateway carrying all
the traffic from the DDN to the NSFNET at any moment, the
distribution of network numbers is now split between the two
Mailbridges. This results in a distributed load, with specific
network numbers always preferring a particular Mailbridge under
normal operating circumstances. In the case of an outage at one of
the Mailbridge connections, the other one fully takes over the load
for all the involved network numbers. For this setup, the two DDN
links are known as two different Autonomous System numbers by the
NSFNET. The routes learned via the NASA-Ames Mailbridges are part of
the Autonomous System 164 which is also the Autonomous System number
which the Mailbridges are using by themselves during the EGP session.
In the case of the EGP sessions with the Mitre Mailbridge, the DDN-
internal Autonomous System number of 164 is overwritten with a
different Autonomous System number (in this case 184) and the routes
learned via the Mitre Mailbridge will therefore become part of
Autonomous System 184 within the NSFNET.
The NSFNET-inbound routing is controlled by the distributed policy
routing database. In particular, the network number is verified
against a list of legitimate networks, and a metric is associated
with an authorized network number for a particular site. For
example, both NSSs in Palo Alto and College Park learn net 10 (the
ARPANET network number) from the Mailbridges they are connected to
and have EGP sessions. The Palo Alto NSS will accept Net 10 with a
metric of 10, while the College Park NSS will accept the same network
number with a metric of 12. Therefore, traffic destinated to net 10
will prefer the path via the Palo Alto NSS and the NASA-Ames
Mailbridge. If the connection via the NASA-Ames Mailbridge is not
functioning, the traffic will be re-routed via the Mailbridge link at
Mitre. Each of the two NSS accepts half of the network routes via
EGP from its co- located Mailbridge at a lower metric and the other
half at a higher metric. The half with the lower metric at the Palo
Alto NSS will be the same set which uses a higher metric at the
College Park NSS and vice versa.
There are at least three different possibilities about how the NSFNET
could select a path to a DDN network via a specific Mailbridge, i.e.,
the one at NASA-Ames versus the one at Mitre:
1. Assign a primary path for all DDN networks to a single
Mailbridge and use the other purely as a backup path.
2. Distribute the DDN networks randomly across the two
Mailbridges.
3. Let the DDN administration inform the NSFNET which networks
on the DDN are closer to a specific Mailbridge so that the
particular Mailbridge would accept these networks at a lower
metric. The second Mailbridge would then function as a backup
path. From a NSFNET point of view, this would mean treating the
DDN like other NSFNET peer networks such as the NASA Science
network (NSN) or DOE's Energy Science Network (ESNET).
We are currently using alternative (2) as an interim solution. At
this time, the DDN administration is having discussions with NSFNET
about moving to alternative (3), which would allow them control over
how the DDN networks would be treated in the NSFNET.
3.2 Outbound announcement -- Routes announced from the NSFNET to the
DDN
The selection of metrics for announcements of NSFNET networks to the
DDN is controlled by the NSFNET. The criteria for the metric
decisions is based on distances between the NSS, which introduces a
specific network into the NSFNET, and either one of the NSSs that has
a co-located Mailbridge. In this context, the distance translates
into the hop count between NSSs in the NSFNET backbone. For example,
the Princeton NSS is currently one hop away from the NSS co-located
with the Mitre Mailbridge, but is three hops away from the NSS with
the NASA-Ames Mailbridge. Therefore, in the case of networks with
primary paths via the Princeton NSS, the Mitre Mailbridge will
receive the announcements for those networks at a lower metric than
the NASA-Ames Mailbridge. This means that the traffic from the DDN
to networks connected to the Princeton NSS will be routed through the
Mailbridge at Mitre to the College Park NSS and then through the
Princeton NSS to its final destination. This will guarantee that
traffic entering the NSFNET from the DDN will take the shortest path
to its NSFNET destination under normal operating conditions.
3.3 Administrative aspects
Any of the networks connected via the NSFNET can be provided with the
connectivity to the DDN via the NSFNET upon request from the mid-
level network through which the specific network is connected.
For networks that do not have a DDN connection other than via NSFNET,
the NSFNET will announce the nets via one of the Mailbridges with a
low metric to create a primary path (e.g., metric "1") and via the
second Mailbridge as a secondary path (e.g., metric "3"). For
networks that have their own DDN connection and wish to use the
NSFNET as a backup connection to DDN, the NSFNET will announce those
networks via the two Mailbridges at higher metrics.
The mid-level networks need to make a specific request if they want
client networks to be announced to the DDN via the NSFNET. Those
requests need to state whether this would be a primary connection for
the specific networks. If the request is for a fallback connection,
it needs to state the existing metrics in use for announcements of
the network to the DDN.
4. Shortcomings of the current NSFNET/DDN interconnection routing
The current setup makes full use of the two Mailbridges that connect
to the NSFNET directly, with regard to redundancy and load sharing.
However, with regard to performance optimization, such as packet
propagation delay between source/destination pairs located on
disjoint peer networks, there are some shortcomings. These
shortcomings are not easy to overcome because of the limitations of
the current architecture. However, it is a worthwhile topic for
discussion to aid future improvements.
To make the discussion easier, the following assumptions and
terminology will be used:
The NSFNET is viewed as a cloud and so is the DDN. The two have
two connections, one at east coast and one at west coast.
mb-east -- the Mailbridge at Mitre
mb-west -- the Mailbridge at Ames
NSS-east -- the NSS egp peer with mb-east
NSS-west -- the NSS egp peer with mb-west
DDN.east-net -- networks connected to DDN and physically closer to
mb-east
DDN.west-net -- networks connected to DDN and physically closer to
mb-west
NSF.east-net -- networks connected to NSFNET and physically closer
to NSS-east
NSF.west-net -- networks connected to NSFNET and physically closer
to NSS-west
The traffic between NSFNET<->DDN will fall into the following
patterns:
a) NSF.east-net <-> DDN.east-net or
NSF.west-net <-> DDN.west-net
b) NSF.east-net <-> DDN.west-net or
NSF.west-net <-> DDN.east-net
The ideal traffic path for a) and b) should be as follows:
For traffic pattern a)
NSF.east-net<-->NSS.east<-->mb-east<-->DDN.east-net
or
NSF.west-net<-->NSS.west<-->mb-west<-->DDN.west-net
For traffic pattern b)
NSF.east-net-*->NSS.west-->mb-west-->DDN.west-net-**->mb-east
NSF.east-net<--NSS-east
or
NSF.west-net-*->NSS.east-->mb-east-->DDN.east-net-**->mb-west
NSF.west-net<--NSS-west
Note:
-*-> is used to indicate traffic transcontinentally traversing
the NSFNET backbone
-**-> is used to indicate traffic transcontinentally traversing
the DDN backbone
The traffic for a) will transcontinentally traverse NEITHER the
NSFNET backbone, NOR the DDN backbone.
The traffic for b) will transcontinentally traverse NSFNET once
and DDN once and only once for each.
For the current set up,
The traffic path for pattern a) would have chances to
transcontinentally traverse both NSFNET and DDN.
The traffic path for pattern b) would have chances to
transcontinentally traverse the DDN in both directions.
To achieve the ideal traffic path it requires the NSFNET to implement
(3) as stated above, i.e., to treat the DDN like other NSFNET peer or
mid-level networks. As mentioned before, discussions between NSFNET
and DDN people are underway and the DDN is considering providing the
NSFNET with the required information to accomplish the outlined goals
in the near future.
At such time as this is accomplished, it will reduce the likelihood
of packet traffic unnecessarily traversing national backbones.
One of the best ways to optimize the traffic between two peer
networks, not necessary limited to the NSFNET and the DDN, is to try
to avoid letting traffic traverse a backbone with a comparatively
slower speed and/or a backbone with a significantly larger diameter
network. For example, in the case of traffic between the NSFNET and
the DDN, the NSFNET has a T1 backbone and a maximum diameter of three
hops, while the DDN is a relatively slow network running largely at
56Kbps. In this case the overall performance would be better if
traffic would traverse the DDN as little as possible, i.e., whenever
the traffic has to reach a destination network outside of the DDN, it
should find the closest Mailbridge to exit the DDN.
The current architecture employed for DDN routing is not able to
accomplish this. Firstly, the technology is designed based on a core
model. It does not expect a single network to be announced by
multiple places. An example for multiple announcements could be two
NSSs announcing a single network number to the two Mailbridges at
their different locations. Secondly, the way all the existing
Mailbridges exchange routing information among themselves is done via
a protocol similar to EGP, and the information is then distributed
via EGP to the DDN-external networks. In this case the physical
distance information and locations of network numbers is lost and
neither the Mailbridges nor the external gateways will be able to do
path optimization based on physical distance and/or propagation
delay. This is not easy to change, as in the DDN the link level
routing information is decoupled from the IP level routing, i.e., the
IP level routing has no information about topology of the physical
infrastructure. Thus, even if an external gateway to a DDN network
were to learn a particular network route from two Mailbridges, it
would not be able to favor one over the other DDN exit point based on
the distance to the respective Mailbridge.
5. Conclusions
While recent changes in the interconnection architecture between the
NSFNET and DDN peer networks have resulted in significant performance
and reliability improvements, there are still possibilities for
further improvements and rationalization of this inter-peer network
routing. However, to accomplish this it would most likely require
significant architectural changes within the DDN.
6. References
[1] Rekhter, Y., "EGP and Policy Based Routing in the New NSFNET
Backbone", RFC1092, IBM Research, February 1989.
[2] Braun, H-W., "The NSFNET Routing Architecture", RFC1093,
Merit/NSFNET Project, February 1989.
[3] Collins, M., and R. Nitzan, "ESNET Routing", DRAFT Version 1.0,
LLNL, May 1989.
[4] Braun, H-W., "Models of Policy Based Routing," RFC1104,
Merit/NSFNET Project, February 1989.
Security Considerations
Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
Authors' Addresses
Jessica (Jie Yun) Yu
Merit Computer Network
1075 Beal Avenue
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Telephone: 313 936-2655
Fax: 313 747-3745
EMail: jyy@merit.edu
Hans-Werner Braun
Merit Computer Network
1075 Beal Avenue
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Telephone: 313 763-4897
Fax: 313 747-3745
EMail: hwb@merit.edu
