Network Working Group M. Allen
Request for Comments: 1362 Novell, Inc.
September 1992
Novell IPX Over Various WAN Media (IPXWAN)
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes how Novell IPX operates over various WAN
media. Specifically, it describes the common "IPX WAN" protocol
Novell uses to exchange necessary router to router information prior
to exchanging standard IPX routing information and traffic over WAN
datalinks.
Table of Contents
1. IntrodUCtion ................................................. 1
1.1. Operation Over PPP .......................................... 2
1.2. Operation Over X.25 Switched Virtual Circuits ............... 2
1.3. Operation Over X.25 Permanent Virtual Circuits .............. 2
1.4. Operation Over Frame Relay .................................. 3
1.5. Operation Over Other WAN Media .............................. 3
2. Glossary Of Terms ............................................ 3
3. IPX WAN Protocol Description ................................. 4
4. Information Exchange Packet Formats .......................... 5
4.1. Timer Request Packet ........................................ 6
4.2. Timer Response Packet ....................................... 8
4.3. Information Request Packet .................................. 10
4.4. Information Response Packet ................................. 12
5. References ................................................... 12
6. Security Considerations ...................................... 13
7. Author's Address.............................................. 13
1. Introduction
This document describes how Novell IPX operates over various WAN
media. It is strongly motivated by a desire for IPX to treat ALL wide
area links in the same manner. Sections 3 and 4 describe this common
"IPX WAN" protocol.
IPX WAN protocol operation begins immediately after link
establishment. While IPX is a connectionless datagram protocol, WANs
are often connection-oriented. Different WANs have different methods
of link establishment. The subsections of section 1 of this document
describe what link establishment means to IPX for different media.
They also describe other WAN-media-dependent ASPects of IPX
operation, such as protocol identification, frame encapsulation, and
link tear down.
1.1 Operation Over PPP
IPX uses PPP [1] when operating over point-to-point synchronous and
asynchronous networks.
With PPP, link establishment means the IPX NCP [4] reaches the Open
state. NetWare IPX will reject all NCP options, and uses normal frame
encapsulation as defined by PPP. The IPXWAN protocol MUST NOT occur
until the IPX NCP reaches the Open state.
PPP allows either side of a connection to stop forwarding IPX if one
end sends an IPXCP or an LCP Terminate-Request. When a router detects
this, it will immediately reflect the lost connectivity in its
routing information database instead of naturally aging it out.
1.2 Operation over X.25 Switched Virtual Circuits
With X.25, link establishment means successfully opening an X.25
virtual circuit. As specified in RFC-1356, "Multiprotocol
Interconnect on X.25 and ISDN in the Packet Mode" [2], the protocol
identifier 0x800000008137 is used in the X.25 Call User Data field of
the Call Request frame, and indicates that the virtual circuit will
be devoted to IPX.
Furthermore, each IPX packet is encapsulated directly in X.25 data
frame sequences without additional framing.
Either side of the virtual circuit may close it, thereby tearing down
the IPX link. When a router detects this, it will immediately reflect
the lost connectivity in its routing information database instead of
naturally aging it out.
1.3 Operation over X.25 Permanent Virtual Circuits
The nature of X.25 PVC's is that no call request is made. When the
router is informed that X.25 Layer 2 is up, the router should assume
that link establishment is complete.
Each IPX packet is encapsulated in an X.25 data frame sequence
without additional framing. Novell IPX assumes a particular X.25
permanent circuit is devoted to the use of IPX.
If a router receives a layer 2 error condition (e.g., X.25 Restart),
it should reflect lost connectivity for the permanent circuits in its
routing information database and re-perform the necessary steps to
oBTain a full IPX connection.
1.4 Operation over Frame Relay
Novell conforms to RFC-1294, "Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame
Relay" [3] for frame relay service and packet encapsulation.
Currently, Novell has not stabilized the method for treating frame
relay connections - whether they treat the connections as LANs or
WANs.
1.5 Operation over other WAN media
Additional WAN media will be added here as specifications are
developed.
2. Glossary Of Terms
Primary Network Number:
Every IPX WAN router has a "primary network number". This is an
IPX network number unique to the entire internet. This number
will be a permanently assigned network number for the router.
Those readers familiar with NetWare 3.x servers should realize
that this is the "Internal" network number.
Router Name:
Every IPX WAN router must have a "Router Name". This is a symbolic
name given to the router. Its purpose is to allow routers to know
who they are connected to after link establishment - particularly
for network management purposes. A symbolic name conveys more
information to an operator than a set of numbers. The symbolic
name should be between 1 and 47 characters in length containing
the characters 'A' through 'Z', underscore (_), hyphen (-) and
"at" sign (@). The string of characters should be followed by a
null character (byte of zero) and padded to 48 characters using
the null character. Those readers familiar with NetWare 3.x
servers should realize that the file server name is the Router
Name.
3. IPX WAN Protocol Description
IPX WAN links have the concept of a LINK MASTER and a LINK SLAVE.
This relationship is decided upon based on information contained
within the first IPX packets transferred across the WAN link.
After link establishment, both sides of the link send "Timer Request"
packets and start a timer waiting for a "Timer Response". These
"Timer Request" packets are sent every 20 seconds until a response is
received or a time-out occurs trying to initialize a connection (the
timer is restarted each time a new "Timer Request" is sent). The
time-out should be configurable, and is normally about one minute.
This is directly dependent on the call setup time for the connection.
If a time-out occurs, the router issues a disconnect on the offending
connection and optionally attempts to retry the connection.
When a "Timer Request" is received, the router with the lowest
primary network number MUST respond with a "Timer Response" packet -
and become the "Slave" of the link. If the "Slave" determines that it
cannot support any of the Routing Types included in the "Timer
Request" packet, the "Slave" should issue a disconnect on the
connection being established. The "Master" of the link (determined
when a "Timer Response" packet is received) is responsible for
defining the network number that is to be used as a common network
number for the new WAN link, and for calculating the RIP transport
time that will be advertized to other RIP routers for the new link.
This is calculated by stopping the timer which was started when a
"Timer Request" was initiated and applying the algorithm in section
4.2.
To allow this, both sides of the link MUST have an adequate pool of
WAN network numbers (unique within the internetwork) available to be
assigned to the link when the call is fully completed. The "Master"
of the link MUST then select a network number and construct an
"Information Request" packet containing the calculated link delay,
the common network number, and its own router name. On receiving this
packet, the "Slave" MUST turn the packet around, overwrite the router
name and node identifier and send an "Information Response".
After the "Master" has received the "Information Response" and the
"Slave" has received the "Information Request", standard IPX RIP and
SAP packets are transferred across the WAN link, as currently defined
for LAN links. The "IPX Router Specification" [5] contains
information describing the Novell RIP/SAP protocol for third party
developers.
Note that the "Information Request" and "Information Response"
packets are specific to the "Routing Type"=0 information exchanges.
With this routing type, no retransmission is made of any of the
Information packets. If a response has not been received within the
predefined time-out period, a disconnect is issued on the link, and
the link can optionally be attempted later.
If a router detects an error for which no suitable protocol response
exists (e.g., unable to allocate a network number), the link should
be terminated according to the relevant media specification.
Under certain circumstances, particularly on X.25 permanent circuits,
it is only possible to detect the remote router went away when it
comes back up again. In this case, one side of the link receives a
Timer Request packet when IPX is in a fully connected state. The
side receiving the Timer Request MUST realize that a problem
occurred, and revert to the IPX link establishment phase.
Furthermore, the routing information learned from this connection
should be immediately discarded.
4. Information Exchange Packet Formats
All IPX WAN information exchange packets conform to the standard
Novell IPX packet format. The packets use the IPX defined packet type
04 defining a Packet Exchange Packet. The socket number 0x9004 is a
Novell reserved socket number for exclusive use with IPX WAN
information exchange. IPX defines that a network number of 0 is
interpreted as being a local network of unknown number that requires
no routing. This feature is of use to us in transferring these
packets before the common network number is exchanged. Some routers
need to know a "Node Number" (or MAC address) for each node on a
link. Node numbers will be formed from the "WNode ID" field. The
node number will be the 4 bytes of WNode ID followed by 2 bytes of
zero.
Router Type number assignment. Other vendors IPX routing protocols
can make use of the IPXWAN protocol definition by obtaining Router
Types from Novell. This document will then include the new Router
Types (with the references to vendor protocol description documents).
WOption Number assignment. These numbers only need to be assigned
from Novell for the "Timer Request" and "Timer Response" packets.
Other packet types (e.g., the "Information Request" packets, are
dependent on the "Router Type" negotiated and can contain any (vendor
defined) packet type other than 0 or 1. WOption numbers in these
packets are then defined by the vendor defining the Routing Type. The
same packet format should still be maintained.
4.1 Timer Request Packet
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Checksum FF FF Always FFFF
Packet Length 02 40 Max IPX size (576 bytes
Hi Lo order)
Trans Control 00 Hops traversed
Packet Type 04 Packet Exchange Packet
Dest Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Dest Node # FF FF FF FF FF FF Broadcast
Dest Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
Source Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Source Node # 00 00 00 00 00 00 Set to zero
Source Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
------------------+-------------------+------------------------
WIdentifier 57 41 53 4D Confidence identifier
WPacket Type 00 Timer Request
WNode ID xx xx xx xx Primary Net # of
sending router
(Hi Lo order)
WSequence # xx Sequence start at 0
WNum Options 02 2 Options follow
WOption Number 00 Define Routing Type
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 00 01 Option length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data 00 IPX RIP/SAP Routing
WOption Number FF Pad option
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 02 0E Pad data length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data 00->FF's Repeated sequence of 00
through FF's.
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Note:
Timer Request packets will always be 576 bytes. However,
there should be no assumption made about the number of
options specified in this packet.
After link establishment, Timer Request packets are sent by both
sides of the link. Each end starts their sequence number at zero.
Subsequent retries (every 20 seconds) will increment the value of
this sequence number. Only a Timer Response packet with a sequence
number matching the last sent sequence number will be acted upon.
When receiving this packet, the WNode ID should be compared to the
receiver's Primary Network #. If the WNode ID is larger than the
receiver's Primary Network #, a Timer Response packet should be sent,
and the receiver should become the link "Slave".
Packets received on the reserved socket number not having the
WIdentifier set to the hexadecimal values noted above should be
discarded.
Routing Type Option:
A routing type of zero (0) is the minimum interoperability
requirement (as defined by this document). A router ready to send a
Timer Response (and receiving a routing type of zero) MUST respond
with a routing type of zero. A router ready to send a Timer Response
(and receiving routing types not matching a supported value) SHOULD
respond with a Routing Type of zero indicating support for the
minimum common protocol.
Note that multiple Routing Type Options can be included in the Timer
Request packet if the router supports multiple routing methods for
IPX. The included Router Types MUST include and support this type
zero option.
Accept Option (for Routing Type and PAD options):
This field MUST be set to YES if the option is supported, and NO if
an option is not supported. A Timer Response MUST respond with ONLY
one Router Type set to YES.
PAD Option:
This option will normally be the last entry in the packet. Its sole
purpose is to fill the IPX packet to be 576 bytes. The pad option
data will contain a repeating sequence of zero's through 0xFF's. This
should stop compression modems from collapsing the packet and
destroying the link delay calculation.
Currently Assigned WOption Numbers (Timer Request Packet):
Routing Type Option = 0x00; Option Length = 0001
Current option data values:
0 Novell RIP/SAP routing with network
number assigned to the link.
PAD Type Option = 0xFF; Option Length = Variable
Compression Option = 0x80; Option Length = Variable
(length dependent on compression type)
Current option data values:
Byte 1 Compression type
0 = Telebit compression (length=3) [6]
Telebit Byte 2 - Compression options
Telebit Byte 3 - Number compression slots
4.2. Timer Response Packet
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Checksum FF FF Always FFFF
Packet Length 02 40 Max IPX size (576 bytes
Hi Lo order)
Trans Control 00 Hops traversed
Packet Type 04 Packet Exchange Packet
Dest Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Dest Node # FF FF FF FF FF FF Broadcast
Dest Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
Source Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Source Node # 00 00 00 00 00 00 Set to zero
Source Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
------------------+-------------------+------------------------
WIdentifier 57 41 53 4D Confidence identifier
WPacket Type 01 Timer Response
WNode ID xx xx xx xx Primary Net # of
sending router
(Hi Lo order)
WSequence # xx Same as Timer Request
received
WNum Options 02 2 Options follow
WOption Number 00 Define Routing Type
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 00 01 Option length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data 00 IPX RIP/SAP Routing
(Minimum interoperating
requirement). Others
may be defined by at a
later date by Novell
WOption Number FF Pad option
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 02 0E Pad data length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data 00->FF's Repeated sequence of 00
through FF's to stop
compression modems
doing any compression
for link delay calc.
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
The responses contained within this packet are as described in
section 4.1. Any unknown options or not supported options from the
Timer Request should have the WAccept Option set to NO.
If the Timer Request packet contained more than one Router Type
option and the "Slave" supports all the options, the "Slave" should
set the WAccept Option to NO on all Router Types except the Routing
Type which is to be adopted. The "Master" of the link will then adopt
the routing option specified with the YES setting and complete
further information exchanges according to that routing standard.
This packet should contain the same sequence number as the received
Timer Request. This packet should ONLY be sent by the router
determining themselves to be the "Slave" of the link.
Currently Assigned WOption Numbers (Timer Response Packet):
Routing Type Option = 0x00; Option Length = 0001
Current option data values:
0 Novell RIP/SAP routing with network
number assigned to the link.
PAD Type Option = 0xFF; Option Length = Variable
Compression Option = 0x80; Option Length = Variable
(length dependant on compression type)
Current option data values:
Byte 1 Compression type
0 = Telebit compression (length=3) [6]
Telebit Byte 2 - Compression options
Telebit Byte 3 - Number compression slots
4.3. RIP/SAP Information Request Packet (Router Type=0 Only)
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Checksum FF FF Always FFFF
Packet Length 00 63 Size of header+data
(Hi Lo order)
Trans Control 00 Hops traversed
Packet Type 04 Packet Exchange Packet
Dest Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Dest Node # FF FF FF FF FF FF Broadcast
Dest Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
Source Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Source Node # 00 00 00 00 00 00 Set to zero
Source Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
------------------+-------------------+------------------------
WIdentifier 57 41 53 4D Confidence identifier
WPacket Type 02 Information Request
WNode ID xx xx xx xx Primary Net # of
sending router
(Hi Lo order)
WSequence # 00 Sequence start at 0
WNum Options 01 1 Option to follow
WOption Number 01 Define IPX RIP/SAP
info exchange
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 00 36 Option length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data
Link Delay xx xx Hi Lo link delay in
milli seconds (see
below for calculation)
Common Net # xx xx xx xx Hi Lo Common Network #
Router Name xx (x 48 decimal) Router name - as defned
in section 2.
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Calculation of link delay is performed as follows:
// Start_time is a time stamp when Timer Request sent out
// End_time is a time stamp when a Timer Response is
// received.
link_delay = end_time - start_time; // 1/18th second
// We are on a slow net, so add some biasing to help stop
// multiple workstation sessions timing out on the link
if (link_delay < 1)
{
link_delay = 1;
}/*IF*/
link_delay *= 6; // Add the biasing
link_delay *= 55; // Convert link delay to milliseconds
The "Link Delay" is used as the network transport time when
advertized in the IPX RIP packet tuple for the network entry "Common
Net #". For a consistent network, a common link delay is required at
both ends of the link and is calculated by the link "Master".
The Common Net # is supplied by the link "Master". This number must
be unique in the connected internetwork. Each WAN call requires a
separate number.
Currently only a single option is defined for the "Information
Request" packet for Routing Type=0.
4.4. RIP/SAP Information Response Packet (Router Type=0 Only)
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Checksum FF FF Always FFFF
Packet Length 00 63 Size of header+data
(Hi Lo Order)
Trans Control 00 Hops traversed
Packet Type 04 Packet Exchange Packet
Dest Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Dest Node # FF FF FF FF FF FF Broadcast
Dest Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
Source Net # 00 00 00 00 Local Network
Source Node # 00 00 00 00 00 00 Set to zero
Source Socket # 90 04 Reserved WAN socket
------------------+-------------------+------------------------
WIdentifier 57 41 53 4D Confidence identifier
WPacket Type 03 Information Response
WNode ID xx xx xx xx Primary Net # of
sending router
(Hi Lo order)
WSequence # 00 Sequence start at 0
WNum Options 01 1 Option to follow
WOption Number 01 Define IPX RIP/SAP
info exchange
WAccept Option 01 0=No,1=Yes,3=Not Applic
WOption Data Len 00 36 Option length (Hi Lo)
WOption Data
Link Delay xx xx Hi Lo link delay (as
received in Info Requ)
Common Net # xx xx xx xx Hi Lo Common Network #
(as received in Info
request)
Router Name xx (x 48 decimal) Router name - as defned
in section 2.
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
The responses contained within this packet are as described in
section 4.3.
5. References
[1] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for the
Transmission of Multi-protocol Datagrams over Point-to-Point
Links", RFC1331, May 1992.
[2] Malis, A., Robinson, D., and R. Ullman, "Multiprotocol
Interconnect on X.25 and ISDN in the Packet Mode", RFC1356,
August 1992.
[3] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol Interconnect
over Frame Relay", RFC1294, January 1992.
[4] Simpson, W., "The PPP Internetwork Packet Exchange Control
Protocol (IPXCP) Compromise Version", Work in Progress.
[5] Novell IPX Router Specification. Novell Part Number 107-000029-
001. (Note: Currently, this document is only available as part
of a Novell developers program as part of an SDK. Novell Labs,
Provo (UT) should be able to provide more information on this
document.)
[6] Lewis, M., Telebit Corp. "IPX Header Compression based on Van
Jacobson Header Compression for TCP/IP", Work in Progress,
contact: (mlewis@telebit.com).
6. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
7. Author's Address
Michael Allen
Novell, Inc.
2180 Fortune Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
EMail: MALLEN@NOVELL.COM
Chair's Address:
The working group can be contacted via the current chair:
Brian Lloyd
Lloyd & Associates
3420 Sudbury Road
Cameron Park, California 95682
EMail:
brian@ray.lloyd.com
Phone: (916) 676-1147
