Network Working Group J. Renwick
Request for Comments: 1374 A. Nicholson
Cray Research, Inc.
October 1992
IP and ARP on HIPPI
Status of this Memo
This RFCspecifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The ANSI X3T9.3 committee has drafted a proposal for the
encapsulation of IEEE 802.2 LLC PDUs and, by implication, IP on
HIPPI. Another X3T9.3 draft describes the operation of HIPPI
physical switches. X3T9.3 chose to leave HIPPI networking issues
largely outside the scope of their standards; this document discusses
methods of using of ANSI standard HIPPI hardware and protocols in the
context of the Internet, including the use of HIPPI switches as LANs
and interoperation with other networks.
Table of Contents
IntrodUCtion 2
Scope 2
Definitions 3
Equipment 4
Protocol 6
Packet Format 6
48 bit Universal LAN MAC addresses 10
I-Field Format 11
Rules For Connections 13
MTU 15
Camp-on 16
Address Resolution 16
ARP and RARP Message Format 17
ARP Procedure 21
ARP Implementation Methods 22
ARP Example 23
Discovery of One's Own Switch Address 25
Path MTU Discovery 27
Channel Data Rate Discovery 27
Performance 29
Sharing the Switch 31
Appendix A -- HIPPI Basics 31
Appendix B -- How to Build a Practical HIPPI LAN 37
References 41
Security Considerations 42
Authors' Addresses 42
Introduction
The ANSI High-Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI) is a simplex
data channel. Configured in pairs, HIPPI can send and receive data
simultaneously at nearly 800 megabits per second. (HIPPI has an
equally applicable 1600 megabit/second option.) Between 1987 and
1991, the ANSI X3T9.3 HIPPI working group drafted four documents that
bear on the use of HIPPI as a network interface. They cover the
physical and electrical specification (HIPPI-PH [1]), the framing of
a stream of octets (HIPPI-FP [2]), encapsulation of IEEE 802.2 LLC
(HIPPI-LE [3]), and the behavior of a standard physical layer switch
(HIPPI-SC [4]). HIPPI-LE also implies the encapsulation of Internet
Protocol[5]. The reader should be familiar with the ANSI HIPPI
documents, copies of which are archived at the site
"nsco.network.com" in the Directory "hippi," and may be oBTained via
anonymous FTP until they become published standards.
HIPPI switches can be used to connect a variety of computers and
peripheral equipment for many purposes, but the working group stopped
short of describing their use as Local Area Networks. This memo
takes up where the working group left off, using the guiding
principle that except for length and hardware header, Internet
datagrams sent on HIPPI should be identical to the same datagrams
sent on a conventional network, and that any datagram sent on a
conventional 802 network[6] should be valid on HIPPI.
Scope
This memo describes the HIPPI interface between a host and a
crosspoint switch that complies with the HIPPI-SC draft standard.
Issues that have no impact on host implementations are outside the
scope of this memo. Host implementations that comply with this memo
are believed to be interoperable on a network composed of a single
HIPPI-SC switch. They are also interoperable on a simple point-to-
point, two-way HIPPI connection with no switch between them. They
may as well be interoperable on more complex networks, depending on
the internals of the switches and how they are interconnected;
however, these details are implementation dependent and outside the
scope of this memo. To the extent that a gateway acts as a host on a
HIPPI-SC LAN, its behavior is within the scope of this memo.
Within the scope of this memo are:
1. Packet format and header contents, including HIPPI-FP, HIPPI-LE,
IEEE 802.2 LLC[7], SNAP and ARP
2. I-Field contents
3. HIPPI switch address resolution, including self discovery
4. Rules for the use of connections.
Outside of the scope are
1. Vendor dependent solutions for multicast or third party ARP
2. Network configuration and management
3. Host internal optimizations
4. The interface between a host and an outboard protocol processor.
Definitions
Conventional
Used with respect to networks, this refers to Ethernet, FDDI and
802 LAN types, as distinct from HIPPI-SC LANs.
Destination
The HIPPI implementation that receives data from a HIPPI Source.
Node
An entity consisting of one HIPPI Source/Destination pair that is
connected by parallel or serial HIPPI to a HIPPI-SC switch and
that transmits and receives ARP and IP datagrams. A node may be
an Internet host, bridge, router or gateway. This memo uses the
term node in place of the usual "host" to indicate that a host
might be connected to the HIPPI LAN not directly, but through an
external adaptor that does some of the protocol processing for the
host.
Serial HIPPI
An implementation of HIPPI in serial fashion on coaxial cable or
optical fiber, informally standardized by implementor's agreement
in the Spring of 1991.
Switch Address
A value used as the address of a node on a HIPPI-SC network. It
is transmitted in the I-field. HIPPI-SC switches may map Switch
Addresses to physical port numbers.
Source
The HIPPI implementation that generates data to send to a HIPPI
Destination.
Universal LAN Address (ULA)
A 48 bit globally unique address, administered by the IEEE,
assigned to each node on an Ethernet, FDDI, 802 network or HIPPI-
SC LAN.
Equipment
A HIPPI network can be composed of nodes with HIPPI interfaces, HIPPI
cables or serial links, HIPPI-SC switches, gateways to other networks
and, possibly, proprietary equipment that multicasts or responds to
ARP requests on behalf of the real nodes.
Each HIPPI interconnection between a node and a switch shall consist
of a pair of HIPPI links, one in each direction.
If a link between a node and the switch is capable of the 1600
Megabit/second data rate option (i.e. Cable B installed for 64 bit
wide operation) in either direction, the node's HIPPI-PH
implementation shall also be capable of 32 bit operation (Cable B
data suppressed) and shall be able to select or deselect the 1600Mb/s
data rate option at the establishment of each new connection.
The following figure shows a sample HIPPI switch configuration.
+-----+
H 4
+--+--+
+----+ +----+ +----+
H1 H2 H3 +-++
+--+ +-++-+ +-++-+ +-++-+ PP
+---+H5 ++++
+--+
+---++--------++--------++------++----+
+---+
+----+ HIPPI-SC +----+ARP
+---+ G1 +--------+ +----+
+--------+ Switch +---+
+----+
+---++--------++--------++------++----+
+--+
+---+H6 ++++
+--+ +-++-+ PP
+-++
G2
+--+--+
+--+-+ H 7
+-----+
-----+------------+-------+-----------+-------------+------
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
H 8 H 9 H10 H11
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Legend: ---+---+---+-- = 802 network, Ethernet or FDDI
= Paired HIPPI link
H = Host computer
PP = Outboard Protocol Processor
G = Gateway
ARP = ARP Agent
A possible HIPPI configuration
A single HIPPI-SC switch has a "non-blocking" characteristic, which
means there is always a path available from any Source to any
Destination. If the network consists of more than one switch, the
path from a Source to a Destination may include a HIPPI link between
switches. If this link is used by more than one Source/Destination
pair, a "blocking" network is created: one Source may be blocked from
Access to a Destination because another Source is using the link it
shares. Strategies for establishing connections may be more
complicated on blocking networks than on non-blocking ones.
This memo ignores blocking issues, assuming that the HIPPI LAN
consists of one HIPPI-SC switch or, if the network is more complex
than that, it presents no additional problems that a node must be
aware of.
Protocol
Packet Format
The HIPPI packet format for Internet datagrams shall conform to the
HIPPI-FP and HIPPI-LE draft standards. The HIPPI-FP D1_Area shall
contain the HIPPI-LE header. The HIPPI-FP D2_Area, when present,
shall contain one IEEE 802.2 Type 1 LLC Unnumbered Information (UI)
PDU. Support of IEEE 802.2 XID, TEST and Type 2 PDUs is not required
on HIPPI, and Destinations that receive these PDUs may either ignore
them or respond correctly according to IEEE 802.2 requirements.
The length of a HIPPI packet, including trailing fill, shall be a
multiple of eight octets as required by HIPPI-LE.
+----------+-----------+---------------------+----------- ------+
IP . . . 0 - 7
HIPPI-FP HIPPI-LE IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP octets
(8 octets)(24 octets) (8 octets) ARP . . . fill
+----------+-----------+---------------------+----------- ------+
HIPPI Packet Structure
HIPPI-FP Header
ULP-id (8 bits) shall contain 4.
D1_Data_Set_Present (1 bit) shall be set.
Start_D2_on_Burst_Boundary (1 bit) shall be zero.
Reserved (11 bits) shall contain zero.
D1_Area_Size (8 bits) should be sent as 3. Destinations shall
accept any value that HIPPI-FP defines as legal: from 3 to 127
(32 bit HIPPI) or 3 to 255 (64 bit HIPPI).
D2_Offset (3 bits) may be any value from 0 to 7.
D2_Size (32 bits) Shall contain the number of octets in the
IEEE 802.2 LLC Type 1 PDU, or zero if no PDU is present. It
shall not exceed 65,288 (decimal). This value includes the
IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP header and the IP datagram. It does not
include trailing fill octets. (See "MTU," below.)
The first octet of the IEEE 802.2 LLC PDU (SSAP) shall be
located at offset "n" of the packet, where
n = 8 + (D1_Area_Size*8) + D2_Offset
as specified in HIPPI-FP.
HIPPI-LE Header
FC (3 bits) shall contain zero unless otherwise defined by
local administration.
Double_Wide (1 bit) shall contain one if the Destination
associated with the sending Source supports 64 bit HIPPI
operation. Otherwise it shall contain zero.
Message_Type (4 bits) contains a code identifying the type of
HIPPI-LE PDU. Defined values (binary) are:
0 Data PDU
1 Address Resolution Request PDU (AR_Request)
2 Address Resolution Response PDU (AR_Response)
3 Self Address Resolution Request PDU (AR_S_Request)
4 Self Address Resolution Response PDU (AR_S_Response)
5-11 Reserved by the ANSI X3T9.3 committee
12-15 Locally Assigned
Destination_Switch_Address is a 24-bit field containing the
Switch Address of the Destination if known, otherwise zero. If
the address comprises less than 24 bits, it shall be right
justified (occupying the least significant bits) in the field.
Destination_Address_Type (4 bits) and Source_Address_Type (4
bits) contain codes identifying the type of addresses in the
Destination_Switch_Address and Source_Switch_Address fields
respectively. Defined values (binary) are:
0 Unspecified
1 HIPPI-SC Source Route (24 bits)
2 HIPPI-SC Address (12 bits)
3-11 Reserved by the ANSI X3T9.3 committee
12-15 Locally Assigned
Source_Switch_Address is a 24-bit field containing the Switch
Address of the Source. If the address comprises less than 24
bits, it shall be right justified (occupying the least
significant bits) in the field.
Reserved (16 bits) shall contain zero.
Destination_IEEE_Address (48 bits) shall contain the 48 bit
Universal LAN MAC Address of the Destination if known,
otherwise zero.
LE_Locally_Administered (16 bits) shall contain zero unless
otherwise defined by local administration.
Source_IEEE_Address (48 bits) shall contain the 48 bit
Universal LAN MAC Address of the Source if known, otherwise
zero.
IEEE 802.2 LLC
The IEEE 802.2 LLC Header shall begin in the first octet of the
HIPPI-FP D2_Area.
SSAP (8 bits) shall contain 170 (decimal).
DSAP (8 bits) shall contain 170 (decimal).
CTL (8 bits) shall contain 3 (Unnumbered Information).
SNAP
Organization Code (24 bits) shall be zero.
EtherType (16 bits) shall be set as defined in Assigned Numbers
[8] (IP = 2048, ARP = 2054, RARP = 32,821).
31 28 23 21 15 10 7 2 0
+-----+---------+-+-+-----------+---------+-----+---------+-----+
0 04 10 Reserved 03 0
+---------------+-+-+---------------------+---------------+-----+
1 (n+8)
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
2 [LA] WM_Type Destination_Switch_Address
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
3 D_A_T S_A_T Source_Switch_Address
+-------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------+
4 Reserved [Destination_IEEE_Address]
+-------------------------------+
5
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
6 [LA] [Source_IEEE_Address]
+-------------------------------+
7
+===============+===============+===============+===============+
8 AA AA 03 00
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
9 00 00 [EtherType]
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
10 Message octet 0Message octet 1Message octet 2 . . .
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---
. . .
-------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
. . . octet (n-2) octet (n-1) FILL
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
N-1 FILL FILL FILL FILL
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
HIPPI Packet Format
Words 0-1: HIPPI-FP Header
Words 2-7: D1 Area (HIPPI-LE Header)
Words 8-9: D2 Area (IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP)
Words 10-(N-1): D2 Area (IP or ARP message)
(n) is the number of octets in the IP or ARP message.
+====+ denotes the boundary between D1 and D2 areas.
[LA] fields are zero unless used otherwise locally.
Abbreviations: "W" = Double_Wide field;
"M_Type" = Message_Type field;
"D_A_T" = Destination_Address_Type;
"S_A_T" = Source_Address_Type;
[FILL] octets complete the HIPPI packet to an even
number of 32 bit words. The number of fill octets
is not counted in the data length.
IEEE 802.2 Data
The IEEE 802.2 Data shall follow the EtherType field immediately.
Fill octets shall be used following the Data as necessary to make
the number of octets in the packet a multiple of 8. In accordance
with HIPPI-FP, the amount of this fill is not included in the
D2_Size value in the HIPPI-FP Header.
The order of the octets in the data stream is from higher numbered
to lower numbered data signal (left to right) within the HIPPI
word, as specified in HIPPI-FP Clause 7, "Word and byte formats."
With the 1600 megabit/second data rate option (64 bit) bits 32
through 63 are on Cable B, so that the four octets on Cable B come
logically before those on Cable A. Within each octet, the most
significant bit is the highest numbered signal.
48 bit Universal LAN MAC Addresses
IEEE Standard 802.1A specifies the Universal LAN MAC Address. The
globally unique part of the 48 bit space is administered by the IEEE.
Each node on a HIPPI-SC LAN should be assigned a ULA. Multiple ULAs
may be used if a node contains more than one IEEE 802.2 LLC protocol
entity.
The format of the address within its 48 bit HIPPI-LE fields follows
IEEE 802.1A canonical bit order and HIPPI-FP bit and byte order:
31 23 15 7 0
+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
(not used for ULA) ULA octet 0LG ULA octet 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
ULA octet 2 ULA octet 3 ULA octet 4 ULA octet 5
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
Universal LAN MAC Address Format
L (U/L bit) = 1 for Locally administered addresses, 0 for
Universal.
G (I/G bit) = 1 for Group addresses, 0 for Individual.
The use of ULAs is optional, but encouraged. Although ULAs are not
used by HIPPI-SC switches, they are helpful for HIPPI Switch Address
resolution, and for distinguishing between multiple logical entities
that may exist within one node. They may also be used by gateway
devices that replace HIPPI hardware headers with the MAC headers of
other LANs. Carrying the ULAs in the HIPPI header may simplify these
devices, and it may also help if HIPPI is used as an interface to
some future HIPPI based LAN that uses ULAs for addressing.
Recommended HIPPI-FP Options
HIPPI-FP allows some flexibility in the construction of a HIPPI
packet, including placement of short bursts, optional fill and offset
octets between the D1 and D2 areas and fill following the D2 data.
For efficiency, Sources should limit the use of these options:
1. Send the short burst as the last burst of the packet rather than
the first.
2. Do not place fill octets between the HIPPI-LE header and the
start of the D2_Area.
3. Use no more than seven octets after the D2 Data, as needed to
make the total packet length a multiple of 8 octets.
One HIPPI-FP option is forbidden: setting the Start_D2_on_Burst_Boundary
flag to one. This places no limitation on the formation of packets into
a series of bursts; a Source may segment the packet in any legal manner
according to HIPPI-FP, including forcing the D2_Area to start on a burst
boundary. The purpose of the Start_D2_on_Burst_Boundary flag is to help
preserve the segmentation of the packet for some device-control
protocols that use the first burst boundary to separate command and data
areas within the packet. Requiring this flag to be clear means that
when a packet arrives at the Destination its burst boundaries might not
be exactly as the Source sent them. This may occur if a HIPPI packet
passes over some other medium in the route between HIPPI LANs.
Notwithstanding these recommendations, each Destination shall accept any
well-formed HIPPI packet within the definitions in HIPPI-FP.
Note that neither HIPPI-FP nor HIPPI-LE limits the number of fill bytes
placed between the end of the IP packet and the end of the HIPPI-PH
packet. Some source implementations may add fill sufficient to overflow
a destination input buffer. To avoid interpreting valid packets as
errors, destinations should ignore overflow conditions and verify that
at least the number of bytes indicated by the IP header actually
arrived.
I-Field format
The I-field bits, as defined in HIPPI-SC, shall be set as follows:
Locally Administered (bit 31) shall be zero.
Reserved (bits 30, 29) should be zero. Destinations shall accept
any value for these bits.
Double wide (bit 28) shall be set when Source Cable B is connected
and the Source wants a 64 bit connection. It shall be zero
otherwise.
Direction (bit 27) should be sent as zero, however Destinations
shall accept either zero or one and interpret the Routing Control
field accordingly, per HIPPI-SC.
Path Selection (bits 26, 25) shall be 00, 01, or 11 (binary) at
the Source's option. 00 (source route mode) indicates that the
I-field bits 23-00 contain a 24 bit source route; 01 or 11
(logical address mode) indicate that bits 23-00 contain 12 bit
Source and Destination Addresses. The value 11 is meaningful when
more than one route exists from a Source to a Destination; it
allows the switch to choose the route. Use of 01 forces the
switch always to use the same route for the same
Source/Destination pair.
Camp-on (bit 24) may be 1 or 0; however, a Source shall not make
consecutive requests without Camp-on to the same Destination while
the requests are being rejected. The purpose of this restriction
is to prevent a node from circumventing the fair share arbitration
mechanism of the switch by repeating requests at a very high rate.
If logical address mode is used:
Source Address (bits 23-12) is not used.
Destination Address (bits 11-0) shall contain the Switch
Address of the Destination.
If source route mode is used:
Routing control (bits 23-00) shall contain the route to the
Destination.
Note: the outcome of Switch Address Resolution (see "Address
Resolution" below) determines whether to use logical address mode
or source route mode. If source route mode is used with multiple
interconnected switches, different sources may use different
addresses to reach the same destination, and multicast-based
address resolution may not be possible because a target node may
not know the route to itself from a given remote source.
Regardless of this difficulty, it may be possible to use source
route mode if the network consists of a single switch, or if
address resolution is supported by an ARP agent that is able to
deliver correct routes to each node. The nodes themselves need
not be concerned with these problems if they use the addressing
mode suggested by the value of the Source_Address_Type field in a
HIPPI-LE Address Resolution Response packet.
Rules For Connections
The following rules for connection management by Source and
Destination are intended to insure frequent, fair share access to
Destinations for which multiple Sources are contending. If possible,
nodes should transfer data at full HIPPI speeds and hold connections
no longer than necessary.
A source may hold a connection for as long as it takes to send 68
HIPPI bursts at what ever speed the two connected nodes can achieve
together. The number of packets sent in one connection is not
limited, except that the number of bursts over all the packets should
not exceed 68. This is not a recommendation to send as many packets
as possible per connection; one packet per connection is acceptable.
The purpose of this limit is to give each Source an fair share of a
common Destination's bandwidth. Without a limit, if there is a
Destination that is constantly in demand by multiple Sources, the
Source that sends the most data per connection wins the greatest
share of bandwidth.
The limit of 68 bursts is not absolute. An implementation may check
the burst count after transmission of a packet and end the connection
if it is greater than or equal to some threshold. If this is done,
the threshold should be less than 68 depending on the typical packet
size, to ensure that the 68 burst limit is not normally exceeded.
For instance, a Source sending 64K packets would send two per
connection (130 bursts) if it checked for 68 at the end of each
packet. In this situation the Source is required to check for a
value small enough that it will not send a second packet in the same
connection.
Destinations shall accept all packets that arrive during a
connection, and may discard those that exceed its buffering capacity.
A Destination shall not abort a connection (deassert CONNECT) simply
because too many bursts were received; however a Destination may
abort a connection whose duration has exceeded a time period of the
Destination's choosing, as long as the Source is allowed ample time
to transmit its quota of bursts.
The rules admonish the node to do certain things as fast as it can,
however there is no absolute measure of compliance. Nodes that
cannot transfer data at full HIPPI speeds can still interoperate but
the faster the implementation, the better the performance of the
network will be.
Assuming that bursts flow at the maximum rate, the most important
factor in network throughput is the connection switching time,
measured from the deassertion of REQUEST by the Source at the end of
one connection to its first assertion of BURST after the
establishment of the new connection. Implementations should keep
this time as short as possible. For a guideline, assuming parallel
HIPPI and a single HIPPI-SC switch, ten microseconds permits nearly
full HIPPI throughput with full-sized packets, and at 60 microseconds
the available throughput is reduced by about 10%. (See
"Performance," below.)
All HIPPI electrical signaling shall comply with HIPPI-PH. In every
case, the following rules go beyond what HIPPI-PH requires.
Rules for the Source
1. Do not assert REQUEST until a packet is ready to send.
2. Transmit bursts as quickly as READYs permit. Except for the
required HIPPI Source Wait states, there should be no delay in
the assertion of BURST whenever the Source's READY counter is
nonzero.
3. Make a best effort to ensure that connection durations do not
exceed 68 bursts.
4. Deassert REQUEST immediately when no packet is available for
immediate transmission or the last packet of the connection
has been sent.
Rules for the Destination
1. Reject all connections if unable to receive packets. This
frees the requesting Source to connect to other Destinations
with a minimum of delay. Inability to receive packets is not
a transient condition, but is the state of the Destination
when its network interface is not initialized.
2. A HIPPI node should be prepared to efficiently accept
connections and process incoming data packets. While this may
be best achieved by not asserting connect unless 68 bursts
worth of buffers is available, it may be possible to meet this
requirement with fewer buffers. This may be due to a priori
agreement between nodes on packet sizes, the speed of the
interface to move buffers, or other implementation dependent
considerations.
3. Accept a connection immediately when buffers are available.
The Destination should never delay the acceptance of a
connection unnecessarily.
4. Once initialized, a Destination may reject connection requests
only for one of the following reasons:
1. The I-field was received with incorrect parity.
2. The I-field contents are invalid, e.g. the "W" bit set
when the Destination does not support the 1600 megabit
data rate option, the "Locally Administered" bit is set,
the Source is not permitted to send to this Destination,
etc.
Transient conditions within the Destination, such as temporary
buffer shortages, must never cause rejected connections.
5. Ignore aborted connection sequences. Sources may time out and
abandon attempts to connect; therefore aborted connection
sequences are normal events.
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) is defined as the length of the IP
packet, including IP header, but not including any overhead below
IP. Conventional LANs have MTU sizes determined by physical layer
specification. MTUs may be required simply because the chosen
medium won't work with larger packets, or they may serve to limit
the amount of time a node must wait for an opportunity to send a
packet.
HIPPI has no inherent limit on packet size. The HIPPI-FP header
contains a 32 bit D2_Size field that, while it may limit packets
to about 4 gigabytes, imposes no practical limit for networking
purposes. Even so, a HIPPI-SC switch used as a LAN needs an MTU
so that Destination buffer sizes can be determined.
The MTU for HIPPI-SC LANs is 65280 (decimal) octets.
This value was selected because it allows the IP packet to fit in
one 64K octet buffer with up to 256 octets of overhead. The
overhead is 40 octets at the present time; there are 216 octets of
room for eXPansion.
HIPPI-FP Header 8 octets
HIPPI-LE Header 24 octets
IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP Headers 8 octets
Maximum IP packet size (MTU) 65280 octets
------------
Total 65320 octets (64K - 216)
Camp-on
When several Sources contend for a single Destination, the Camp-on
feature allows the HIPPI-SC switch to arbitrate and ensure that all
Sources have fair access. (HIPPI-SC does not specify the method of
arbitration.) Without Camp-on, the contending Sources would simply
have to retry the connection repeatedly until it was accepted, and
the fastest Source would usually win. To guarantee fair share
arbitration, Sources are prohibited from making repeated requests to
the same Destination without Camp-on in such a way as to defeat the
arbitration.
There is another important reason to use Camp-on: when a connection
without Camp-on is rejected, the Source cannot determine whether the
rejection came from the requested Destination or from the switch.
The Source also cannot tell the reason for the rejection, which could
be either that the Destination was off line or not cabled, or the I-
field was erroneous or had incorrect parity. Sources should not
treat a rejection of a request without Camp-on as an error. Camp-on
prevents rejection due to the temporary busy case; with one
exception, rejection of a Camp-on request indicates an error
condition, and an error event can be recorded. The exception occurs
when a 64 bit connection is attempted to a Destination that does not
have Cable B connected, resulting in a reject. This case is covered
in "Channel Data Rate Discovery," below.
Address Resolution
The Internet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is defined in RFC826
[9]. Ethernet, FDDI and 802 networks use ARP to discover another
host's ULA knowing the Internet address. Reverse ARP [10] is used to
discover the Internet address, knowing the ULA. ARP can be used in
the conventional way on HIPPI-SC LANs equipped with a multicast
capability or third party ARP agent.
HIPPI-LE defines similar lower-level address resolution between ULAs
and switches. HIPPI-LE adds a self-address resolution mechanism not
defined for Internet ARP, which allows a node to discover its own
switch address dynamically.
ARP for the purpose of discovering ULAs is not necessary for the
operation of a HIPPI-SC LAN, but it serves as the vehicle for
discovery of HIPPI-SC Switch Addresses, without which the HIPPI-SC
LAN cannot function. In other words, at the same time a node is
using ARP to map another node's IP address to its ULA, it is also
mapping the ULA to the 12 bit HIPPI Switch Address, from which it
will construct the I-field value for sending messages to that node.
This additional level of hardware addressing uses the address fields
in the HIPPI-LE header.
In the following discussion, the terms "requester" and "target" are
used to identify the node requesting address resolution and the node
whose address it wishes to discover, respectively. In third party
ARP (see "ARP Implementation Methods," below) the source of a reply
is an ARP agent node, not the target node.
ARP and RARP Message Format
The HIPPI ARP/RARP protocol uses the same packet format as ARP for
Ethernet. ARP packets shall be transmitted with a hardware type
code of 1 (as for Ethernet). Furthermore, ARP packets shall be
accepted if received with hardware type codes of either 1 or 6
(IEEE 802 networks).
ar$hrd (16 bits) shall contain 1.
ar$pro (16 bits) shall contain the IP protocol code 2048
(decimal).
ar$hln (8 bits) shall contain 6.
ar$pln (8 bits) shall contain 4.
ar$op (16 bits) shall contain 1 for requests, 2 for responses.
ar$sha (48 bits) in requests shall contain the requester's ULA.
In replies it shall contain the target node's ULA.
ar$spa (32 bits) in requests shall contain the requester's IP
address if known, otherwise zero. In replies it shall contain the
target node's IP address.
ar$tha (48 bits) in requests shall contain the target's ULA if
known, otherwise zero. In replies it shall contain the
requester's ULA.
ar$tpa (32 bits) in requests shall contain the target's IP address
if known, otherwise zero. In replies it shall contain the
requester's IP address.
The format of the six octets of the ULA shall be the same as
required in the HIPPI-LE header (see "48 bit Universal LAN MAC
Addresses" above), except for the alignment of the Source ULA with
respect to the 32 bit HIPPI word, which is different between ARP
and HIPPI-LE. No bit reversal is necessary as is required with
FDDI [11].
31 28 23 21 15 10 7 2 0
+-----+---------+-+-+-----------+---------+-----+---------+-----+
0 04 10 000 03 0
+---------------+-+-+---------------------+---------------+-----+
1 36
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
2 [LA] W 1 000 Target Switch Addr
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
3 2 2 000 Requester's Switch Addr
+---------------+---------------+-------+-----------------------+
4 00 00
+-------------------------------+
5 Target ULA
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
6 [LA]
+-------------------------------+
7 Requester's ULA
+===============+===============+===============+===============+
8 AA AA 03 00
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
9 00 00 EtherType (2054)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
10 hrd (1) pro (2048)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
11 hln (6) pln (4) op (1)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
12 Requester's ULA octets 0 - 3
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
13 Requester's ULA octets 4 - 5 Requester's IP Address upper
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
14 Requester's IP Address lower Target ULA octets 0 - 1
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
15 Target ULA octets 2 - 5
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
16 Target IP Address
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
HIPPI ARP/RARP Request (logical address mode)
All ARP requests shall be sent with the I-field bit 28 set to zero,
i.e. requesting a 32 bit connection.
Unless another convention is locally defined for ARP requests, the
I-field Path Selection bits may be set to binary 01 or 11 (logical
address mode), and Destination Address field set to the HIPPI-SC
address reserved for traffic conventionally directed to the IEEE
802.1[12] broadcast address (which HIPPI-SC defines as FE0, hex).
Reply packets shall be sent with I-field Path Selection and Routing
Control fields set according to the Source_Address_Type and
Source_Switch_Address fields in the request.
In the HIPPI-LE header of ARP/RARP requests and replies the following
fields shall be set:
Double-Wide should be 1 if the HIPPI Destination at the sending node
can accept 64 bit HIPPI connections.
Message_Type shall contain an address resolution type code as defined
in HIPPI-LE. It shall be set appropriately to the value of the ARP
operation code (ar$op) in piggybacked ARP messages:
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
ARP ar$op HIPPI-LE Message_Type
+=======================+=======================+
ARP Request (1) AR_Request (1)
ARP Reply (2) AR_Response (2)
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Reverse ARP Request (3)AR_Request (1)
Reverse ARP Reply (4) AR_Response (2)
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
There is no ARP message corresponding to HIPPI-LE self address
discovery; these packets are sent without ULP data.
Destination_Switch_Address in requests shall be the Switch Address of
the target node if known, otherwise zero. In replies it shall be the
requesting node's Switch Address
Destination_Address_Type shall be 1 if the Destination_Switch_Address
is a source route, 2 if it is a 12 bit address.
Source_Address_Type shall be 1 if the Source_Switch_Address is a
source route, 2 if it is a 12 bit address.
Source_Switch_Address in requests shall be the Switch Address of the
requesting node if known, otherwise zero. In replies it shall be the
target node's Switch Address.
Destination_IEEE_Address shall be the same as the ar$tha field in the
ARP message.
Source_IEEE_Address shall be the same as the ar$sha field in the ARP
message.
31 28 23 21 15 10 7 2 0
+-----+---------+-+-+-----------+---------+-----+---------+-----+
0 04 10 000 03 0
+---------------+-+-+---------------------+---------------+-----+
1 36
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
2 [LA] W 2 000 Requester's Switch Addr
+-----+-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
3 2 2 000 Target Switch Address
+---------------+---------------+-------+-----------------------+
4 00 00
+-------------------------------+
5 Requester's ULA
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
6 [LA]
+-------------------------------+
7 Target ULA
+===============+===============+===============+===============+
8 AA AA 03 00
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
9 00 00 EtherType (2054)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
10 hrd (1) pro (2048)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
11 hln (6) pln (4) op (2)
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
12 Target ULA octets 0 - 3
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
13 Target ULA octets 4 - 5 Target IP Address upper
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
14 Target IP Address lower Requester's ULA octets 0 - 1
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
15 Requester's ULA octets 2 - 5
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
16 Requester's IP Address
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
HIPPI ARP/RARP Reply (logical address mode)
ARP procedure
The combined HIPPI-LE/ARP packet contains six addresses, three each
for the requester and the target:
Requester's IP Address (ARP)
Requester's ULA (ARP and HIPPI-LE)
Requester's Switch Address (HIPPI-LE)
Target's IP Address (ARP)
Target's ULA (ARP and HIPPI-LE)
Target's Switch Address (HIPPI-LE)
Internet ARP concerns the IP Address and ULA; HIPPI-LE address
resolution concerns the ULA and Switch Address. Thus the ULA appears
in both parts of the packet.
Successful ARP results in tables in each node that map remote nodes'
IP addresses to ULAs and ULAs to Switch Addresses, so that when an
application requests a connection to a remote node by its IP address,
both the remote ULA and Switch Address can be determined, a correct
HIPPI-LE header can be built, and a connection to the node can be
established using the correct Switch Address in the I-field. Any
recipient of an ARP request or reply may use information in the
packet to augment its tables, even if it is neither the target node
nor the requester.
Note that the use of ULAs with HIPPI is not required. In both the
HIPPI-LE header and the Internet ARP message, the fields that contain
ULAs should be set to zero when the ULA is not known. Address
resolution consists of two separate protocols, HIPPI-LE address
resolution and Internet ARP, neither of which can function
independently without ULAs. However HIPPI Switch Address resolution
can work without ULAs if the two protocols are piggybacked and
treated as one operation in which Internet addresses are mapped
directly to switch addresses. With the exception of the optional
self-address resolution request, which has no analogous Internet
protocol, HIPPI-LE address resolution and Internet ARP messages
should be sent together as a single HIPPI packet.
If ULAs are used, the HIPPI-LE address resolution request can be sent
without a piggybacked 802.2 LLC PDU, so it is possible to map ULAs to
HIPPI Switch Addresses without using ARP. Nodes shall accept both
piggybacked and non-piggybacked forms of HIPPI-LE address resolution
messages.
The recipient of an address resolution request, having first updated
its address mapping tables with any new information it can find in
the request, checks to see if it is the target node. If it is, it
generates a reply by filling in the unknown target address fields
according to the HIPPI-LE message type and the ARP operation code,
and swapping the four pairs of source/target address fields. Then it
connects to the requesting node with the Source Switch Address from
the request, and sends the reply packet.
A node is the target of an address resolution request if the request
contains one of the following:
1. the node's ULA in the Destination_IEEE_Address field of a HIPPI-
LE AR_Request message
2. the node's IP address in the target protocol address field
(ar$tpa) of a piggybacked Internet ARP message
If two target fields are known but are not mapped together in the
recipient's address mapping tables, it may do one of three things:
1. treat the request as having two targets, and send correct replies
for both to the requester.
2. assume its own tables are invalid and ignore the request.
3. assume one of the "known" target fields is correct and respond as
if the other had been unknown.
The best choice depends on which fields conflict and the nature of
the implementation. Choice 3 is probably best for ordinary nodes,
but third party ARP agents may have reason to use one of the other
two. Future experience may shed light on this.
ARP Implementation Methods
The requirements for nodes to handle address resolution messages
depend on the means by which address resolution is implemented on the
LAN.
In conventional networks ARP is a distributed function. ARP requests
are broadcast; each host may update its address mappings with any ARP
request or reply it sees, and responds to ARP requests that contain
its own address in the target protocol address field. HIPPI-SC
switches are not required to provide multicast service, although some
do. Even if the switches do not multicast, one or more nodes can act
as multicast servers, receiving packets sent to the HIPPI-SC
broadcast address and repeating them to each other node in turn.
Either way, if multicast exists on a HIPPI-SC LAN, ARP can be a
distributed function. In this situation each node is required to
respond correctly to address resolution requests for which it is the
target.
Third party ARP is a second method that does not depend on multicast.
The switches can map the HIPPI ARP multicast address to a node that
acts as an ARP agent, replying to ARP requests on behalf of the real
target nodes. Ordinary nodes never receive ARP requests or generate
replies and never have the opportunity to update mapping tables based
on ARP requests from other nodes, as usually happens on conventional
networks. Each node must request any address information it needs,
but never has to process ARP information it doesn't need. Under
third party ARP a node should not receive address resolution
requests, and each node that is not an ARP agent should ignore those
that it does receive.
As a third possibility, one can omit the implementation of ARP
entirely, choosing instead to build address mapping tables in each
node from information available to a network administrator. Such a
technique is implementation dependent and outside the scope of this
memo. It may be helpful in prototype networks without multicast
where no ARP agent is yet implemented. In this case, nodes are not
required to respond to address resolution requests, but must accept
any they may receive.
ARP Example
Assume a HIPPI-SC switch is installed with two nodes, X and Y,
connected. Each node has a unique Switch Address. Both nodes have
access to the host data base (e.g. /etc/hosts) in which the network
administrator has configured the network and given the two nodes IP
addresses. There is an ARP agent connected to a switch port that is
mapped to the address FE0 (hex). The ARP agent contains no mappings
of any IP, IEEE or Switch addresses. Both nodes know their own ULAs
and Switch Addresses. They want to talk to each other; each knows
the other's IP address (from the host data base) but neither knows
the other's ULA or Switch Address. Node X starts:
1. Node X connects to FE0 and sends a piggyback ARP Request
requesting addresses for Y:
HIPPI-LE Message_Type is 1, AR_Request
HIPPI-LE Destination_Switch_Address = 0
HIPPI-LE Source_Switch_Address = X's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Destination_IEEE_Address = 0
HIPPI-LE Source_IEEE_Address = X's ULA
ARP ar$op = 1 (request)
ARP ar$sha = X's ULA
ARP ar$spa = X's IP Address
ARP ar$tha = 0
ARP ar$tpa = Y's IP Address
2. The ARP agent receives the ARP request and adds an entry for X to
its address mapping table. It does not know about Y, so it does
not generate a reply.
3. Node X waits for a reply. It may set a timer to retransmit the
request periodically, but its requests will be ignored until node
Y sends an ARP request.
4. Node Y connects to FE0 and sends an ARP request requesting
addresses for X:
HIPPI-LE Message_Type is 1, AR_Request
HIPPI-LE Destination_Switch_Address = 0
HIPPI-LE Source_Switch_Address = Y's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Destination_IEEE_Address = 0
HIPPI-LE Source_IEEE_Address = Y's ULA
ARP ar$op = 1 (request)
ARP ar$sha = Y's ULA
ARP ar$spa = Y's IP Address
ARP ar$tha = 0
ARP ar$tpa = X's IP Address
5. The ARP agent receives Y's request and adds an entry for Y to its
address mapping table. It knows about the target node, X, so it
connects to Y (using the Source_Switch_Address given in the
request) and sends an ARP Reply:
HIPPI-LE Message_Type is 2, AR_Reply
HIPPI-LE Destination_Switch_Address = Y's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Source_Switch_Address = X's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Destination_IEEE_Address = Y's ULA
HIPPI-LE Source_IEEE_Address = X's ULA
ARP ar$op = 2 (reply)
ARP ar$sha = X's ULA
ARP ar$spa = X's IP Address
ARP ar$tha = Y's ULA
ARP ar$tpa = Y's IP Address
6. Node Y receives the ARP reply and builds its address mapping
table entry for Node X.
7. Node Y connects to node X and transmits an IP packet with the
following information in the HIPPI-LE header:
HIPPI-LE Message_Type is 0, AR_Data
HIPPI-LE Destination_Switch_Address = X's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Source_Switch_Address = Y's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Destination_IEEE_Address = X's ULA
HIPPI-LE Source_IEEE_Address = Y's ULA
8. Node X receives the IP packet. Since the ARP agent now knows
about node Y, node X can retransmit its ARP request (repeating
step 1) and receive an ARP reply:
HIPPI-LE Message_Type is 2, AR_Reply
HIPPI-LE Destination_Switch_Address = X's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Source_Switch_Address = Y's Switch Address
HIPPI-LE Destination_IEEE_Address = X's ULA
HIPPI-LE Source_IEEE_Address = Y's ULA
ARP ar$op = 2 (reply)
ARP ar$sha = Y's ULA
ARP ar$spa = Y's IP Address
ARP ar$tha = X's ULA
ARP ar$tpa = X's IP Address
Address resolution is now complete for both nodes.
If there had been a multicast facility instead of the ARP agent in
the configuration, the target nodes themselves would have received
the requests and responded to them in the same way the ARP agent did.
Discovery of One's Own Switch Address
The ARP example above assumed that each node had prior knowledge of
its own switch address. This may be manually configured, by means
that are outside the scope of this memo, when each node is connected
to the switch. If a multicast capability exists, the node may
discover its own address automatically when it starts up, using a
protocol defined in HIPPI-LE.
In the self-address discovery protocol, a node connects to a
multicast address and sends a HIPPI-LE message containing its own
ULA. It receives a multicast copy of its own message, and learns its
own switch address from the destination address field of the received
I-field.
HIPPI-LE self address resolution uses the same HIPPI-LE message
format described in "ARP and RARP Message Format," above, with the
AR_S_Request and AR_S_Response message type codes and no piggybacked
ULP data. The HIPPI-LE header contents for the request are:
Message_Type is 3, AR_S_Request
Destination_Address_Type = 0 (undefined)
Destination_Switch_Address = 0 (unknown)
Source_Address_Type = 0 (undefined)
Source_Switch_Address = 0 (unknown)
Destination_IEEE_Address = my ULA
Source_IEEE_Address = my ULA
There is no D2 data; the packet contains only the HIPPI-FP header and
D1_Area containing the HIPPI-LE header.
The node that wants to discover its address connects to the multicast
address for this purpose (hex FE0 in HIPPI-SC) and transmits the
request packet. What happens next depends on the particular network:
With multicast:
The node receives its own request and can learn its own switch
address from the I-field it receives. This is the only time a
node should use an address from a received I-field.
With an ARP agent:
The node may receive an AR_S_Response message with its own ULA in
the Destination_IEEE_Address field and its own switch address in
the Destination_Switch_Address field. This address may be
different from the address contained in the I-field, and should be
used instead.
The ARP agent response alternative requires that the agent have prior
knowledge of the node's location and ULA through some process not
specified by this memo. The node may receive both its request and
the agent's response if both an ARP agent and multicast are active.
In this case the address it learns from the I-field is later replaced
by the address given by the ARP agent in the response. Agents may
assign new addresses to nodes and inform them by sending unsolicited
AR_S_Response messages. Any node whose switch address is updated in
this way should invalidate the switch addresses it has saved for
other nodes, and use ARP to rediscover them.
If the node reacts correctly to either the multicast request or
agent-generated response, it can discover its address without having
to know whether or not an ARP agent is active. The full procedure
is:
1. Transmit the AR_S_Request
2. When a connection arrives, accept it and save the I-field for
later analysis.
3. Receive the message and look at the HIPPI-LE header. If the
message is Message Type AR_S_Request, analyze the I-field to
discover the node's own switch address. HIPPI-SC I-field formats
suggest the following:
if bit 25 == 1
Address type is HIPPI-SC logical address.
if bit 27 == 1
take address from bits 23-12
else
take address from bits 11-00
endif
else
Address is unusable (source route)
endif
This is a one-time operation. Once the node knows an address for
itself, it should not take any new address from a received I-
field.
4. If a message of type AR_S_Response arrives and the
Destination_IEEE_Address field contains the node's own ULA, take
the new switch address from the Destination_Switch_Address field
and its type from the Destination_Address_Type field.
5. The node should invalidate its ARP tables when an AR_S_Response
changes its own switch address, to force retransmission of ARP
requests containing its new address to all the remote nodes with
which it communicates.
Path MTU Discovery
RFC1191 [13] describes the method of determining MTU restrictions on
an arbitrary network path between two hosts. HIPPI nodes may use
this method without modification to discover restrictions on paths
between HIPPI-SC LANs and other networks. Gateways between HIPPI-SC
LANs and other types of networks should implement RFC1191.
Channel Data Rate Discovery
HIPPI exists in two data rate options (800 megabit/second and 1600
megabit/second). The higher data rate is achieved by making the
HIPPI 64 bits parallel instead of 32, using an extra cable containing
32 additional data bits and four parity bits. HIPPI-SC switches can
be designed to attach to both. Source and Destination HIPPI
implementations can be designed to operate at either rate, selectable
at the time a connection is established. The "W" bit (bit 28) of the
I-field controls the width of the connection through the switch.
Sources with both cables A and B attached to the switch may set the
"W" bit to request a 1600 megabit/second connection. If the
requested destination also has both cables attached, the switch can
connect Source to Destination on both cables. If the requested
Destination has only Cable A, the switch rejects the request.
Sixty-four bit Sources can connect to 32 bit Destinations by
requesting with the "W" bit clear and not using Cable B. Sixty-four
bit Destinations must examine the "W" bit in the received I-field and
use or ignore Cable B accordingly. Note that both INTERCONNECT
signals stay active while a 64 bit HIPPI is used in 32 bit mode.
The following table summarizes the possible combinations, the
switch's action for each, and the width of the resulting connection.
Destination
+-------------------+-------------------+
32 64
+----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
W=0 Accept 32 Accept 32
32 +-----+-------------------+-------------------+
W=1 N/A N/A
Source +----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
W=0 Accept 32 Accept 32
64 +-----+-------------------+-------------------+
W=1 Reject Accept 64
+----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
HIPPI Connection Combinations
If the path between a 64 bit Source and a 64 bit Destination includes
more than one switch, and the route between switches uses a link that
is only 32 bits wide, the switch rejects 64 bit connection requests
as if the Destination did not have 64 bit capability.
In a mixed LAN of 32 bit and 64 bit HIPPIs, a 64 bit Source needs to
know the data rates available at each Destination and on the path to
it. This can be known a priori by manual configuration, or it can be
discovered dynamically. The only reliable method of discovery is
simply to attempt a 64 bit connection with Camp-on. As long as 64
bit connections succeed, the Source knows the Destination and path
are double width. If a 64 bit connection is rejected, the Source
tries to connect for 32 bits. If the 32 bit connection succeeds, the
Source assumes that the Destination or path is not capable of double
width operation, and uses only 32 bit requests after that. If the 32
bit request is rejected, the Source assumes that the Destination or
path is down and makes no determination of its capability.
The Double_Wide bit in the HIPPI-LE header, if nonzero, gives the
node that receives it a hint that the 64 bit connection attempt may
be worthwhile when sending on the return path.
Note that Camp-on must be used at least in the 64 bit attempt,
because it removes some ambiguity from the meaning of rejects. If
the request is made with the "W" bit and no Camp-on, a reject could
mean either that the Destination has no Cable B or that it is simply
busy, and no conclusion can be drawn as to its status for 64 bit
connections.
Performance
The HIPPI connection rules are designed to permit best utilization of
the available HIPPI throughput under the constraint that each
Destination must be made available frequently to receive packets from
different Sources. This discipline asks both Sources and
Destinations to minimize connection setup overhead to deliver high
performance. Low connection setup times are easily achieved by
hardware implementations, but overhead may be too high if software is
required to execute between the initial request of a connection and
the beginning of data transfer. Hardware implementations in which
connection setup and data transfer proceed from a single software
action are very desirable.
HIPPI connections are controlled by HIPPI Sources; a Destination,
being unable to initiate a disconnect without the possibility of data
loss, is a slave to the Source once it has accepted a connection.
Optimizations of connection strategy are therefore the province of
the HIPPI Source, and several optimizations are permitted.
If the rate of available message traffic is less than the available
HIPPI throughput and Destinations are seldom busy when a connection
is requested, connection optimizations do not pay off and the
simplest strategy of waiting indefinitely for each connection to be
made and sending messages strictly in the order queued cannot be
improved upon. However if some nodes are slow, or network
applications can send or receive messages at a higher aggregate rate
than the available HIPPI bandwidth, Sources may frequently encounter
a busy Destination. In these cases, certain host output queuing
strategies may enhance channel utilization. Sources may maintain
separate output queues for different HIPPI Destinations, and abandon
one Destination in favor of another if a connection attempt without
Camp-on is rejected or a connection request with Camp-on is not
accepted within a predetermined interval. Such a strategy results in
aborted connection sequences (defined in HIPPI-PH: REQUEST is
deasserted before any data is sent). Destinations must treat these
as normal events, perhaps counting them but otherwise ignoring them.
Two components of connection setup time are out of the control of
both Source and Destination. One is the time required for the switch
to connect Source to Destination, currently less than four
microseconds in the largest commercially available (32 port) switch.
The second component is the round trip propagation time of the
REQUEST and CONNECT signals, negligible on a standard 25 meter copper
HIPPI cable, but contributing a total of about 10 microseconds per
kilometer on fiber optic links. HIPPI-SC LANs spanning more than a
few kilometers will have reduced throughput. Limited span networks
with buffered gateways or bridges between them may perform better
than long serial HIPPI links.
A Source is required to drop its connection after the transmission of
68 HIPPI bursts. This number was chosen to allow the transmission of
one maximum sized packet or a reasonable number of smaller sized
packets. The following table lists some possibilities, with
calculated maximum burst and throughput rates in millions (10**6) of
bytes per second:
Maximum HIPPI Throughput Rates
Number Number Hold Burst ------Max throughput MB/sec-------
User of of Time Rate Connection Setup Overhead (usec)
Data Packets Bursts (usec) MB/sec 10 30 60 90 120 150
---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
63K 1 64 654 98.7 97.2 94.4 90.4 86.8 83.4 80.3
32K 2 66 665 98.6 97.1 94.3 90.4 86.8 83.5 80.4
16K 4 68 667 98.3 96.8 94.1 90.2 86.6 83.3 80.2
8K 7 63 587 97.8 96.1 93.0 88.7 84.8 81.2 77.8
4K 13 65 551 96.7 95.0 91.7 87.2 83.1 79.4 76.0
2K 22 66 476 94.6 92.7 89.0 84.0 79.6 75.6 72.0
1K 34 68 384 90.8 88.5 84.2 78.5 73.5 75.8 65.3
These calculations are based 259 40 ns clock periods to transmit a
full burst and 23 clock periods for a short burst. (HIPPI-PH
specifies three clock periods of overhead per burst.) A packet of "n"
kilobytes of user data consists of "n" full bursts and one short
burst equal in length to the number of bytes in the HIPPI, LLC, IP
and TCP headers. "Hold Time" is the minimum connection duration
needed to send the packets. "Burst Rate" is the effective transfer
rate for the duration of the connection, not counting connection
switching time. Throughput rates are in megabytes/second, accounting
for connection switching times of 10, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150
microseconds. These calculations ignore any limit on the rate at
which a Source or Destination can process small packets; such limits
may further reduce the available throughput if small packets are
used.
Sharing the Switch
Network interconnection is only one potential application of HIPPI
and HIPPI-SC switches. While network applications need very frequent
transient connections, other applications may favor longer term or
even permanent connections between Source and Destination. Since the
switch can serve each Source or Destination with hardware paths
totally separate from every other, it is quite feasible to use the
same switch to support LAN interconnects and computer/peripheral
applications simultaneously.
Switch sharing is no problem when unlike applications do not share a
HIPPI cable on any path. However if a host must use a single input
or output cable for network as well as other kinds of traffic, or if
a link between switches must be shared, care must be taken to ensure
that all applications are compatible with the connection discipline
described in this memo. Applications that hold connections too long
on links shared with network traffic may cause loss of network
packets or serious degradation of network service.
Appendix A -- HIPPI Basics
This section is included as an aid to readers who are not completely
familiar with the HIPPI standards.
HIPPI-PH describes a parallel copper data channel between a Source
and a Destination. HIPPI transmits data in one direction only, so
that two sets are required for bidirectional flow. The following
figure shows a simple point-to-point link between two computer
systems:
+----------+ +----------+
+--------+ +--------+
HIPPI Cable HIPPI
+--------------------->
Source Dest.
System +--------+ +--------+ System
X +--------+ +--------+ Y
HIPPI Cable HIPPI
<---------------------+
Dest. Source
+--------+ +--------+
+----------+ +----------+
A Simple HIPPI Duplex Link
Parallel copper cables may be up to 25 meters in length.
In this document, all HIPPI connections are assumed to be paired
HIPPI channels.
HIPPI-PH has a single optional feature: it can use a single cable in
each direction for a 32 bit parallel channel with a maximum data rate
of 800 megabit/second, or two cables for 64 bits and 1600
megabit/second. Cable A carries bits 0-31 and is used in both modes;
Cable B carries bits 32-63 and is use only with the 1600
megabit/second data rate option.
HIPPI Signal Hierarchy
HIPPI has the following hardware signals:
Source to Destination
INTERCONNECT A
INTERCONNECT B (64 bit only)
CLOCK (25 MHz)
REQUEST
PACKET
BURST
DATA (32 or 64 signals)
PARITY (4 or 8 signals)
Destination to Source
INTERCONNECT A
INTERCONNECT B (64 bit only)
CONNECT
READY
The INTERCONNECT lines carry DC voltages that indicate that the
cable is connected and that the remote interface has power.
INTERCONNECT is not used for signaling.
The CLOCK signal is a continuous 25 MHz (40 ns period) square
wave. All Source-to-Destination signals are synchronized to the
clock.
The REQUEST and CONNECT lines are used to establish logical
connections. A connection is always initiated by a Source as it
asserts REQUEST. At the same time it puts 32 bits of data on DATA
lines 0-31, called the I-field. The Destination samples the DATA
lines and can complete a connection by asserting CONNECT. Packets
can be transmitted only while both REQUEST and CONNECT are
asserted.
A Destination can also reject a connection by asserting CONNECT
for only a short interval between 4 and 16 HIPPI clock periods
(160-640 nanoseconds). The Source knows a connection has been
accepted when CONNECT is asserted for more than 16 clocks or it
receives a READY pulse.
Either Source or Destination can terminate a connection by
deasserting REQUEST or CONNECT, respectively. Normally
connections are terminated by the Source after its last Packet has
been sent. A Destination cannot terminate a connection without
potential loss of data.
+------+-------------------------+------+
Idle Connected Idle . . .
+------+-------------------------+------+
/ / / / / +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+
I-field Packet Packet Packet
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+
/ / / / / / / +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Burst Burst...Burst
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
HIPPI Logical Framing Hierarchy
The Source asserts PACKET for the duration of a Packet
transmission, deasserting it to indicate the end of a Packet. A
sequence of Bursts comprise a Packet. To send a burst, a Source
asserts the BURST signal for 256 clock periods, during which it
places 256 words of data on the DATA lines. The first or last
Burst of a Packet may be less than 256 clock periods, allowing the
transmission of any integral number of 32 or 64 bit words in a
Packet.
The READY signal is a pulse four or more clock periods long. Each
pulse signals the Source that the Destination can receive one
Burst. The Destination need not wait for a burst before sending
another READY if it has burst buffers available; up to 63
unanswered READYs may be sent, allowing HIPPI to operate at full
speed over distances of many kilometers. If a Source must wait
for flow control, it inserts idle periods between Bursts.
+------------------------------------------------+
REQUEST---+ +----
+--------------------------------------------+
CONNECT---------+ +--
+---------------------------------------+
PACKET-------------+ +----
+-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+
READY------------+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +--
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+
BURST--------------+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +--------
DATA------I-field----DATA------DATA------DATA-----DATA----------
HIPPI Signal Timing Diagram
Serial HIPPI
There is no ANSI standard for HIPPI other than the parallel copper
cable version. However an implementors' agreement exists,
specifying a serial protocol to extend HIPPI signals on optical
fiber or coaxial copper cable. Serial links may be used
interchangeably with parallel links to overcome HIPPI distance
limitations; they are transparent to the Source and Destination,
except for the possibility of longer propagation delays.
I-Field and Switch Control
The REQUEST, CONNECT and I-field features of HIPPI-PH were
designed for the control of switches as described in HIPPI-SC. A
switch is a hub with a number of input and output HIPPI ports.
HIPPI Sources are cabled to switch input ports, and switch output
ports are cabled to HIPPI Destinations. When a HIPPI Source
requests a connection, the switch interprets the I-field to select
an output port and electrically connects the HIPPI Source to the
HIPPI Destination on that port. Once connected, the switch does
not interact with the HIPPIs in any way until REQUEST or CONNECT
is deasserted, at which time it breaks the physical connection and
deasserts its output signals to both sides. Some existing switch
implementations can switch connections in less than one
microsecond. There is the potential for as many simultaneous
connections, each transferring data at HIPPI speeds, as there are
input or output ports on the switch. A switch offers much greater
total throughput capacity than broadcast or ring media.
31 28 26 23 11 0
+-+---+-+-+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
L WDPS C Source Address Destination Address
+-+---+-+-+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
HIPPI-SC I-field Format (Logical Address Mode)
L = Locally defined (1 => entire I-field is locally defined)
W = Width (1 => 64 bit connection)
D = Direction (1 => swap Source and Destination Address)
PS = Path Selection (01 => Logical Address Mode)
C = Camp-on (1 => wait until Destination is free)
HIPPI-SC defines I-field formats for two different addressing
modes. The first, called Source Routing, encodes a string of port
numbers in the lower 24 bits. This string specifies a route over
a number of switches. A Destination's address may differ from one
Source to another if multiple switches are used.
The second format, called Logical Address Mode, defines two 12 bit
fields, Source Address and Destination Address. A Destination's
12 bit Switch Address is the same for all Sources. Switches
commonly have address lookup tables to map 12 bit logical
addresses to physical ports. This mode is used for networking.
Control fields in the I-field are:
L The "Locally Defined" bit, when set, indicates that the I-field
is not in the standard format. The meaning of bits 30-0 are
locally defined.
W The Width bit, when set, requests a 64 bit connection through
the switch. It is meaningless if Cable B is not installed at
the Source. If W is set and either the Source or the requested
Destination has no Cable B to the switch, the switch rejects
the connection. Otherwise the switch connects both Cable A and
Cable B if W is set, or Cable A only if W is clear. This
feature is useful if both Source and Destination
implementations can selectively disable or enable Cable B on
each new connection.
D The Direction bit, when set, reverses the sense of the Source
Address and Destination Address fields. In other words, D=1
means that the Source Address is in bits 0-11 and the
Destination Address is in bits 12-23. This bit was defined to
give devices a simple way to route return messages. It is not
useful for LAN operations.
PS The Path Selection field determines whether the I-field
contains Source Route or Address information, and in Logical
Address mode, whether the switch may select from multiple
possible routes to the destination. The value "01" selects
Logical Address mode and fixed routes.
C The Camp-on bit requests the switch not to reject the
connection if the selected Destination is busy (connected to
another Source) but wait and make the connection when the
Destination is free.
Appendix B -- How to Build a Practical HIPPI LAN
"IP and ARP on HIPPI" describes the network host's view of a HIPPI
local area network without providing much information on the
architecture of the network itself. Here we describe a network
constructed from available HIPPI components, having the following
characteristics:
1. A tree structure with a central HIPPI-SC compliant hub and
optional satellite switches
2. Each satellite is connected to the hub by just one bidirectional
HIPPI link.
3. Serial HIPPI or transparent fiber optic HIPPI extender devices
may be used in any link.
4. Some satellites may be a particular switch product which is not
HIPPI-SC compliant.
5. Host systems are attached either directly to the hub or to
satellites, by single bidirectional links in which both HIPPI
cables go to the same numbered switch port.
6. A server system is attached to the hub. It provides multicast
and ARP services.
7. All options of the Internet Draft are supported. Hosts may use
any form of address resolution: manual configuration, ARP with
multicast, or ARP with a server.
Switch Address Management
Switch addresses use a flat address space. The 12-bit address is
subdivided into 6 bits of switch number and 6 bits of port number.
11 5 0
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Switch Number Port Number
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Logical Address Construction
Switches may be numbered arbitrarily. A given host's address
consists of the number of the switch it is directly attached to
and the physical port number on that switch to which its input
channel is attached.
In the singly-connected tree structure, there is exactly one path
between any pair of hosts. Since each satellite must be connected
directly to the hub, the maximum length of this path is three
hops, and the minimum length is one. Each HIPPI-SC compliant
switch is programmed to map each of the host switch addresses to
the appropriate output port: either the port to which the host is
directly attached or a port that is linked to another switch in
the path to it.
Special Treatment of Nonstandard Switches
There is one commercially available switch that was designed
before the drafting of HIPPI-SC and is not fully compliant. It is
in common use, so it is worth making some special provisions to
allow its use in a HIPPI LAN. This switch supports only the
Source Route mode of addressing with a four bit right shift that
can be disabled by a hardware switch on each input port.
Addresses cannot be mapped. The switch does not support the "W,"
"D," or "PS" fields of the I-field; it ignores their contents.
Use of this switch as a satellite will require a slight deviation
from normal I-field usage by the hosts that are directly attached
to it. Hosts attached to standard switches are not affected.
For a destination connected to a non compliant satellite, the
satellite uses only the least significant four bits of the I-field
as the address. Since the address contains the destination's
physical port number in the least significant bits, its port will
be selected. Nonstandard switches should be set to disable I-
field shifting at the input from the hub, so that the destination
host will see its correct switch address in the I-field when
performing self-address discovery. I-field shifting must be
enabled on the satellite for each input port to which a host is
attached.
Hosts attached to nonstandard satellites must deviate from the
normal I-field usage when connecting to hosts on another switch.
It is suggested that all host implementations have this capability
as long as the nonstandard switches remain in use. The host must
know, by some manual configuration method, that it is connected to
a nonstandard switch, and it must have its "link port" number;
that is, the number of the port on the satellite that is connected
to the hub.
The normal I-field format for a 32-bit connection, per the
Internet Draft, is this:
31 26 23 11 0
+---------+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
0 0 0 0 0x 1C Unused Destination Address
+---------+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
The special I-field format is:
31 26 24 15 4 3 0
+---------+---+-+---------------+-----------------------+-------+
0 0 0 0 0x 1C Unused Destination Address Link
+---------+---+-+---------------+-----------------------+-------+
This I-field is altered by shifting the lower 24 bits left by four
and adding the link port number. Camp-on is optional, and the PS
field is set to 01 or 11 (the host's option) as if the switch
supported logical address mode. All other I-field bits are set to
zero. When the host requests a connection with this I-field, the
switch selects a connection through the link port to the hub, and
shifts the lower 24 bits of the I-field right by four bits. The
link port number is discarded and the I-field passed through to
the hub is a proper HIPPI-SC I-field selecting logical address
mode.
A host on a nonstandard satellite may use the special I-field
format for all connection requests. If connecting to another host
on the same satellite, this will cause the connection to take an
unnecessarily long path through the hub and back. If an
optimization is desired, the host can be given additional
information to allow it to use the standard I-field format when
connecting to another host on the same switch. This information
could consist of a list of the other hosts on the same switch, or
the details of address formation, along with the switch number of
the local satellite, which would allow the host to analyze the
switch address to determine whether or not the destination is on
the local switch. This optimization is fairly complicated and may
not always be worthwhile.
Server Algorithm
Different host implementations may take any of three approaches to
address resolution:
1. Manual configuration, no ARP
2. Send ARP requests but expect a server to reply on its behalf
3. Send ARP requests and expect to receive them via multicast.
If the network includes a server that is capable of both multicast
and ARP service, and that knows the services expected by each
host, all can coexist on the same net.
The HIPPI-SC compliant switches are programmed to route the
HIPPI-SC "broadcast" address FE0 (hex) to the server's port. It
is initially given the following information by a human network
administrator:
1. The list of all addresses eligible to be used by network hosts
2. The list of addresses that should not receive multicast
messages (a subset of list 1). This is also the list of all
hosts that either do manual configuration or expect a server
to answer ARP requests.
3. The list of addresses of hosts that do manual configuration
and do not send ARP requests (a subset of list 2) with the IP
address corresponding to each one.
The server maintains an address resolution cache that it
initializes from list 3 (the manually configured hosts). It will
add to its cache as other hosts send ARP requests.
When the server receives a message sent to the broadcast address
FE0, it
1. Repeats the message to all addresses in list 1 but not in list
2
2. If the message is a HIPPI-LE AR_Request with a piggybacked ARP
Request, update the cache with information about the sender.
3. If the message is a HIPPI-LE AR_Request with a piggybacked ARP
Request, the target system has an entry in the cache and the
target is in list 2, respond to the ARP request.
Server Optimizations
1. The server could be given a topological map of the hub and
satellites from which it could construct list 1.
2. If all the hosts in list 2 ignore ARP messages as required
in the Internet Draft, list 2 may be eliminated and the
server can respond to all ARP requests (redundant replies
may be sent).
Sharing Switch Hardware With Other Devices
Some host channels and peripheral devices that are connected to
the switches may use protocols other than IP, and not participate
in the LAN. Since connections in a switch are independent, these
applications can share switch hardware with no effect on LAN
operation. To ensure success:
The server's lists of addresses should not include addresses
for ports that are not used by LAN links or hosts.
If non-LAN applications use paths between switches, separate
links should be installed for them so that they do not use the
same inter-switch links the LAN does.
References
[1] ANSI X3.183-1991, High-Performance Parallel Interface - Mechanical,
Electrical and Signalling Protocol Specification (HIPPI-PH).
[2] ANSI X3.210-199X, High-Performance Parallel Interface - Framing
Protocol (HIPPI-FP).
[3] ANSI X3.218-199X, High-Performance Parallel Interface -
Encapsulation of IEEE 802.2 (IEEE Std 802.2) Logical Link Control
Protocol Data Units (802.2 Link Encapsulation) (HIPPI-LE).
[4] ANSI X3.222-199X, High-Performance Parallel Interface - Physical
Switch Control (HIPPI-SC).
[5] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", RFC791, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, September 1981.
[6] Postel, J., and Reynolds, J., "A Standard for the Transmission of
IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks", RFC1042, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, February 1988.
[7] IEEE, "IEEE Standards for Local Area Networks: Logical Link
Control", IEEE, New York, New York, 1985.
[8] Reynolds, J.K., and Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers", RFC1340,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992.
[9] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol - or -
Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address
for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", RFC826, MIT, November
1982.
[10] Finlayson, R., Mann, T., Mogul, J., and Theimer, M., "A Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol", RFC903, Stanford University, June
1984.
[11] Katz, D., "A Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams
over FDDI Networks", RFC1188, Merit/NSFNET, October, 1990.
[12] IEEE, "Draft Standard P802.1A--Overview and Architecture", 1989.
[13] Mogul, J.C., and Deering, S.E., "Path MTU discovery", RFC1191,
Stanford University, November, 1990.
Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Authors' Addresses
John K. Renwick
Cray Research, Inc.
655F Lone Oak Drive
Eagan, MN 55121
Phone: (612) 683-5573
Mailing List: (none)
EMail: jkr@CRAY.COM
Andy Nicholson
Cray Research, Inc.
655F Lone Oak Drive
Eagan, MN 55121
Phone: (612) 683-5473
Mailing List: (none)
EMail: droid@CRAY.COM
