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RFC1832 - XDR: External Data Representation Standard

王朝other·作者佚名  2008-05-31
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Network Working Group R. Srinivasan

Request for Comments: 1832 Sun Microsystems

Category: Standards Track August 1995

XDR: External Data Representation Standard

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the

Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for

improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet

Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state

and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

ABSTRACT

This document describes the External Data Representation Standard

(XDR) protocol as it is currently deployed and accepted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. BASIC BLOCK SIZE 2

3. XDR DATA TYPES 3

3.1 Integer 3

3.2 Unsigned Integer 4

3.3 Enumeration 4

3.4 Boolean 4

3.5 Hyper Integer and Unsigned Hyper Integer 4

3.6 Floating-point 5

3.7 Double-precision Floating-point 6

3.8 Quadruple-precision Floating-point 7

3.9 Fixed-length Opaque Data 8

3.10 Variable-length Opaque Data 8

3.11 String 9

3.12 Fixed-length Array 10

3.13 Variable-length Array 10

3.14 Structure 11

3.15 Discriminated Union 11

3.16 Void 12

3.17 Constant 12

3.18 Typedef 13

3.19 Optional-data 14

3.20 Areas for Future Enhancement 15

4. DISCUSSION 15

5. THE XDR LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION 17

5.1 Notational Conventions 17

5.2 Lexical Notes 17

5.3 Syntax Information 18

5.4 Syntax Notes 19

6. AN EXAMPLE OF AN XDR DATA DESCRIPTION 20

7. TRADEMARKS AND OWNERS 21

APPENDIX A: ANSI/IEEE Standard 754-1985 22

APPENDIX B: REFERENCES 24

Security Considerations 24

Author's Address 24

1. INTRODUCTION

XDR is a standard for the description and encoding of data. It is

useful for transferring data between different computer

architectures, and has been used to communicate data between such

diverse machines as the SUN WORKSTATION*, VAX*, IBM-PC*, and Cray*.

XDR fits into the ISO presentation layer, and is roughly analogous in

purpose to X.409, ISO Abstract Syntax Notation. The major difference

between these two is that XDR uses implicit typing, while X.409 uses

eXPlicit typing.

XDR uses a language to describe data formats. The language can only

be used only to describe data; it is not a programming language.

This language allows one to describe intricate data formats in a

concise manner. The alternative of using graphical representations

(itself an informal language) quickly becomes incomprehensible when

faced with complexity. The XDR language itself is similar to the C

language [1], just as Courier [4] is similar to Mesa. Protocols such

as ONC RPC (Remote Procedure Call) and the NFS* (Network File System)

use XDR to describe the format of their data.

The XDR standard makes the following assumption: that bytes (or

octets) are portable, where a byte is defined to be 8 bits of data.

A given hardware device should encode the bytes onto the various

media in such a way that other hardware devices may decode the bytes

without loss of meaning. For example, the Ethernet* standard

suggests that bytes be encoded in "little-endian" style [2], or least

significant bit first.

2. BASIC BLOCK SIZE

The representation of all items requires a multiple of four bytes (or

32 bits) of data. The bytes are numbered 0 through n-1. The bytes

are read or written to some byte stream such that byte m always

precedes byte m+1. If the n bytes needed to contain the data are not

a multiple of four, then the n bytes are followed by enough (0 to 3)

residual zero bytes, r, to make the total byte count a multiple of 4.

We include the familiar graphic box notation for illustration and

comparison. In most illustrations, each box (delimited by a plus

sign at the 4 corners and vertical bars and dashes) depicts a byte.

Ellipses (...) between boxes show zero or more additional bytes where

required.

+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+

byte 0 byte 1 ...byte n-1 0 ... 0 BLOCK

+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+

<-----------n bytes----------><------r bytes------>

<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)>----------->

3. XDR DATA TYPES

Each of the sections that follow describes a data type defined in the

XDR standard, shows how it is declared in the language, and includes

a graphic illustration of its encoding.

For each data type in the language we show a general paradigm

declaration. Note that angle brackets (< and >) denote

variablelength sequences of data and square brackets ([ and ]) denote

fixed-length sequences of data. "n", "m" and "r" denote integers.

For the full language specification and more formal definitions of

terms such as "identifier" and "declaration", refer to section 5:

"The XDR Language Specification".

For some data types, more specific examples are included. A more

extensive example of a data description is in section 6: "An Example

of an XDR Data Description".

3.1 Integer

An XDR signed integer is a 32-bit datum that encodes an integer in

the range [-2147483648,2147483647]. The integer is represented in

two's complement notation. The most and least significant bytes are

0 and 3, respectively. Integers are declared as follows:

int identifier;

(MSB) (LSB)

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

byte 0 byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 INTEGER

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

<------------32 bits------------>

3.2. Unsigned Integer

An XDR unsigned integer is a 32-bit datum that encodes a nonnegative

integer in the range [0,4294967295]. It is represented by an

unsigned binary number whose most and least significant bytes are 0

and 3, respectively. An unsigned integer is declared as follows:

unsigned int identifier;

(MSB) (LSB)

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

byte 0 byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 UNSIGNED INTEGER

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

<------------32 bits------------>

3.3 Enumeration

Enumerations have the same representation as signed integers.

Enumerations are handy for describing subsets of the integers.

Enumerated data is declared as follows:

enum { name-identifier = constant, ... } identifier;

For example, the three colors red, yellow, and blue could be

described by an enumerated type:

enum { RED = 2, YELLOW = 3, BLUE = 5 } colors;

It is an error to encode as an enum any other integer than those that

have been given assignments in the enum declaration.

3.4 Boolean

Booleans are important enough and occur frequently enough to warrant

their own explicit type in the standard. Booleans are declared as

follows:

bool identifier;

This is equivalent to:

enum { FALSE = 0, TRUE = 1 } identifier;

3.5 Hyper Integer and Unsigned Hyper Integer

The standard also defines 64-bit (8-byte) numbers called hyper

integer and unsigned hyper integer. Their representations are the

obvious extensions of integer and unsigned integer defined above.

They are represented in two's complement notation. The most and

least significant bytes are 0 and 7, respectively. Their

declarations:

hyper identifier; unsigned hyper identifier;

(MSB) (LSB)

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

byte 0 byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 byte 6 byte 7

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

<----------------------------64 bits---------------------------->

HYPER INTEGER

UNSIGNED HYPER INTEGER

3.6 Floating-point

The standard defines the floating-point data type "float" (32 bits or

4 bytes). The encoding used is the IEEE standard for normalized

single-precision floating-point numbers [3]. The following three

fields describe the single-precision floating-point number:

S: The sign of the number. Values 0 and 1 represent positive and

negative, respectively. One bit.

E: The exponent of the number, base 2. 8 bits are devoted to this

field. The exponent is biased by 127.

F: The fractional part of the number's mantissa, base 2. 23 bits

are devoted to this field.

Therefore, the floating-point number is described by:

(-1)**S * 2**(E-Bias) * 1.F

It is declared as follows:

float identifier;

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

byte 0 byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 SINGLE-PRECISION

S E F FLOATING-POINT NUMBER

+-------+-------+-------+-------+

1<- 8 -><-------23 bits------>

<------------32 bits------------>

Just as the most and least significant bytes of a number are 0 and 3,

the most and least significant bits of a single-precision floating-

point number are 0 and 31. The beginning bit (and most significant

bit) offsets of S, E, and F are 0, 1, and 9, respectively. Note that

these numbers refer to the mathematical positions of the bits, and

NOT to their actual physical locations (which vary from medium to

medium).

The IEEE specifications should be consulted concerning the encoding

for signed zero, signed infinity (overflow), and denormalized numbers

(underflow) [3]. According to IEEE specifications, the "NaN" (not a

number) is system dependent and should not be interpreted within XDR

as anything other than "NaN".

3.7 Double-precision Floating-point

The standard defines the encoding for the double-precision floating-

point data type "double" (64 bits or 8 bytes). The encoding used is

the IEEE standard for normalized double-precision floating-point

numbers [3]. The standard encodes the following three fields, which

describe the double-precision floating-point number:

S: The sign of the number. Values 0 and 1 represent positive and

negative, respectively. One bit.

E: The exponent of the number, base 2. 11 bits are devoted to

this field. The exponent is biased by 1023.

F: The fractional part of the number's mantissa, base 2. 52 bits

are devoted to this field.

Therefore, the floating-point number is described by:

(-1)**S * 2**(E-Bias) * 1.F

It is declared as follows:

double identifier;

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

byte 0byte 1byte 2byte 3byte 4byte 5byte 6byte 7

S E F

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

1<--11--><-----------------52 bits------------------->

<-----------------------64 bits------------------------->

DOUBLE-PRECISION FLOATING-POINT

Just as the most and least significant bytes of a number are 0 and 3,

the most and least significant bits of a double-precision floating-

point number are 0 and 63. The beginning bit (and most significant

bit) offsets of S, E , and F are 0, 1, and 12, respectively. Note

that these numbers refer to the mathematical positions of the bits,

and NOT to their actual physical locations (which vary from medium to

medium).

The IEEE specifications should be consulted concerning the encoding

for signed zero, signed infinity (overflow), and denormalized numbers

(underflow) [3]. According to IEEE specifications, the "NaN" (not a

number) is system dependent and should not be interpreted within XDR

as anything other than "NaN".

3.8 Quadruple-precision Floating-point

The standard defines the encoding for the quadruple-precision

floating-point data type "quadruple" (128 bits or 16 bytes). The

encoding used is designed to be a simple analog of of the encoding

used for single and double-precision floating-point numbers using one

form of IEEE double extended precision. The standard encodes the

following three fields, which describe the quadruple-precision

floating-point number:

S: The sign of the number. Values 0 and 1 represent positive and

negative, respectively. One bit.

E: The exponent of the number, base 2. 15 bits are devoted to

this field. The exponent is biased by 16383.

F: The fractional part of the number's mantissa, base 2. 112 bits

are devoted to this field.

Therefore, the floating-point number is described by:

(-1)**S * 2**(E-Bias) * 1.F

It is declared as follows:

quadruple identifier;

+------+------+------+------+------+------+-...--+------+

byte 0byte 1byte 2byte 3byte 4byte 5 ... byte15

S E F

+------+------+------+------+------+------+-...--+------+

1<----15----><-------------112 bits------------------>

<-----------------------128 bits------------------------>

QUADRUPLE-PRECISION FLOATING-POINT

Just as the most and least significant bytes of a number are 0 and 3,

the most and least significant bits of a quadruple-precision

floating-point number are 0 and 127. The beginning bit (and most

significant bit) offsets of S, E , and F are 0, 1, and 16,

respectively. Note that these numbers refer to the mathematical

positions of the bits, and NOT to their actual physical locations

(which vary from medium to medium).

The encoding for signed zero, signed infinity (overflow), and

denormalized numbers are analogs of the corresponding encodings for

single and double-precision floating-point numbers [5], [6]. The

"NaN" encoding as it applies to quadruple-precision floating-point

numbers is system dependent and should not be interpreted within XDR

as anything other than "NaN".

3.9 Fixed-length Opaque Data

At times, fixed-length uninterpreted data needs to be passed among

machines. This data is called "opaque" and is declared as follows:

opaque identifier[n];

where the constant n is the (static) number of bytes necessary to

contain the opaque data. If n is not a multiple of four, then the n

bytes are followed by enough (0 to 3) residual zero bytes, r, to make

the total byte count of the opaque object a multiple of four.

0 1 ...

+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+

byte 0 byte 1 ...byte n-1 0 ... 0

+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+

<-----------n bytes----------><------r bytes------>

<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)------------>

FIXED-LENGTH OPAQUE

3.10 Variable-length Opaque Data

The standard also provides for variable-length (counted) opaque data,

defined as a sequence of n (numbered 0 through n-1) arbitrary bytes

to be the number n encoded as an unsigned integer (as described

below), and followed by the n bytes of the sequence.

Byte m of the sequence always precedes byte m+1 of the sequence, and

byte 0 of the sequence always follows the sequence's length (count).

If n is not a multiple of four, then the n bytes are followed by

enough (0 to 3) residual zero bytes, r, to make the total byte count

a multiple of four. Variable-length opaque data is declared in the

following way:

opaque identifier<m>;

or

opaque identifier<>;

The constant m denotes an upper bound of the number of bytes that the

sequence may contain. If m is not specified, as in the second

declaration, it is assumed to be (2**32) - 1, the maximum length.

The constant m would normally be found in a protocol specification.

For example, a filing protocol may state that the maximum data

transfer size is 8192 bytes, as follows:

opaque filedata<8192>;

0 1 2 3 4 5 ...

+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+

length n byte0byte1... n-1 0 ... 0

+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+

<-------4 bytes-------><------n bytes------><---r bytes--->

<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->

VARIABLE-LENGTH OPAQUE

It is an error to encode a length greater than the maximum described

in the specification.

3.11 String

The standard defines a string of n (numbered 0 through n-1) ASCII

bytes to be the number n encoded as an unsigned integer (as described

above), and followed by the n bytes of the string. Byte m of the

string always precedes byte m+1 of the string, and byte 0 of the

string always follows the string's length. If n is not a multiple of

four, then the n bytes are followed by enough (0 to 3) residual zero

bytes, r, to make the total byte count a multiple of four. Counted

byte strings are declared as follows:

string object<m>;

or

string object<>;

The constant m denotes an upper bound of the number of bytes that a

string may contain. If m is not specified, as in the second

declaration, it is assumed to be (2**32) - 1, the maximum length.

The constant m would normally be found in a protocol specification.

For example, a filing protocol may state that a file name can be no

longer than 255 bytes, as follows:

string filename<255>;

0 1 2 3 4 5 ...

+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+

length n byte0byte1... n-1 0 ... 0

+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+

<-------4 bytes-------><------n bytes------><---r bytes--->

<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->

STRING

It is an error to encode a length greater than the maximum described

in the specification.

3.12 Fixed-length Array

Declarations for fixed-length arrays of homogeneous elements are in

the following form:

type-name identifier[n];

Fixed-length arrays of elements numbered 0 through n-1 are encoded by

individually encoding the elements of the array in their natural

order, 0 through n-1. Each element's size is a multiple of four

bytes. Though all elements are of the same type, the elements may

have different sizes. For example, in a fixed-length array of

strings, all elements are of type "string", yet each element will

vary in its length.

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+

element 0 element 1 ... element n-1

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+

<--------------------n elements------------------->

FIXED-LENGTH ARRAY

3.13 Variable-length Array

Counted arrays provide the ability to encode variable-length arrays of

homogeneous elements. The array is encoded as the element count n (an

unsigned integer) followed by the encoding of each of the array's

elements, starting with element 0 and progressing through element n- 1.

The declaration for variable-length arrays follows this form:

type-name identifier<m>;

or

type-name identifier<>;

The constant m specifies the maximum acceptable element count of an

array; if m is not specified, as in the second declaration, it is

assumed to be (2**32) - 1.

0 1 2 3

+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+

n element 0 element 1 ...element n-1

+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+

<-4 bytes-><--------------n elements------------->

COUNTED ARRAY

It is an error to encode a value of n that is greater than the

maximum described in the specification.

3.14 Structure

Structures are declared as follows:

struct {

component-declaration-A;

component-declaration-B;

...

} identifier;

The components of the structure are encoded in the order of their

declaration in the structure. Each component's size is a multiple of

four bytes, though the components may be different sizes.

+-------------+-------------+...

component A component B ... STRUCTURE

+-------------+-------------+...

3.15 Discriminated Union

A discriminated union is a type composed of a discriminant followed

by a type selected from a set of prearranged types according to the

value of the discriminant. The type of discriminant is either "int",

"unsigned int", or an enumerated type, such as "bool". The component

types are called "arms" of the union, and are preceded by the value

of the discriminant which implies their encoding. Discriminated

unions are declared as follows:

union switch (discriminant-declaration) {

case discriminant-value-A:

arm-declaration-A;

case discriminant-value-B:

arm-declaration-B;

...

default: default-declaration;

} identifier;

Each "case" keyWord is followed by a legal value of the discriminant.

The default arm is optional. If it is not specified, then a valid

encoding of the union cannot take on unspecified discriminant values.

The size of the implied arm is always a multiple of four bytes.

The discriminated union is encoded as its discriminant followed by

the encoding of the implied arm.

0 1 2 3

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

discriminant implied arm DISCRIMINATED UNION

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

<---4 bytes--->

3.16 Void

An XDR void is a 0-byte quantity. Voids are useful for describing

operations that take no data as input or no data as output. They are

also useful in unions, where some arms may contain data and others do

not. The declaration is simply as follows:

void;

Voids are illustrated as follows:

++

VOID

++

--><-- 0 bytes

3.17 Constant

The data declaration for a constant follows this form:

const name-identifier = n;

"const" is used to define a symbolic name for a constant; it does not

declare any data. The symbolic constant may be used anywhere a

regular constant may be used. For example, the following defines a

symbolic constant DOZEN, equal to 12.

const DOZEN = 12;

3.18 Typedef

"typedef" does not declare any data either, but serves to define new

identifiers for declaring data. The syntax is:

typedef declaration;

The new type name is actually the variable name in the declaration

part of the typedef. For example, the following defines a new type

called "eggbox" using an existing type called "egg":

typedef egg eggbox[DOZEN];

Variables declared using the new type name have the same type as the

new type name would have in the typedef, if it was considered a

variable. For example, the following two declarations are equivalent

in declaring the variable "fresheggs":

eggbox fresheggs; egg fresheggs[DOZEN];

When a typedef involves a struct, enum, or union definition, there is

another (preferred) syntax that may be used to define the same type.

In general, a typedef of the following form:

typedef <<struct, union, or enum definition>> identifier;

may be converted to the alternative form by removing the "typedef"

part and placing the identifier after the "struct", "union", or

"enum" keyword, instead of at the end. For example, here are the two

ways to define the type "bool":

typedef enum { /* using typedef */

FALSE = 0,

TRUE = 1

} bool;

enum bool { /* preferred alternative */

FALSE = 0,

TRUE = 1

};

The reason this syntax is preferred is one does not have to wait

until the end of a declaration to figure out the name of the new

type.

3.19 Optional-data

Optional-data is one kind of union that occurs so frequently that we

give it a special syntax of its own for declaring it. It is declared

as follows:

type-name *identifier;

This is equivalent to the following union:

union switch (bool opted) {

case TRUE:

type-name element;

case FALSE:

void;

} identifier;

It is also equivalent to the following variable-length array

declaration, since the boolean "opted" can be interpreted as the

length of the array:

type-name identifier<1>;

Optional-data is not so interesting in itself, but it is very useful

for describing recursive data-structures such as linked-lists and

trees. For example, the following defines a type "stringlist" that

encodes lists of arbitrary length strings:

struct *stringlist {

string item<>;

stringlist next;

};

It could have been equivalently declared as the following union:

union stringlist switch (bool opted) {

case TRUE:

struct {

string item<>;

stringlist next;

} element;

case FALSE:

void;

};

or as a variable-length array:

struct stringlist<1> {

string item<>;

stringlist next;

};

Both of these declarations obscure the intention of the stringlist

type, so the optional-data declaration is preferred over both of

them. The optional-data type also has a close correlation to how

recursive data structures are represented in high-level languages

such as Pascal or C by use of pointers. In fact, the syntax is the

same as that of the C language for pointers.

3.20 Areas for Future Enhancement

The XDR standard lacks representations for bit fields and bitmaps,

since the standard is based on bytes. Also missing are packed (or

binary-coded) decimals.

The intent of the XDR standard was not to describe every kind of data

that people have ever sent or will ever want to send from machine to

machine. Rather, it only describes the most commonly used data-types

of high-level languages such as Pascal or C so that applications

written in these languages will be able to communicate easily over

some medium.

One could imagine extensions to XDR that would let it describe almost

any existing protocol, such as TCP. The minimum necessary for this

are support for different block sizes and byte-orders. The XDR

discussed here could then be considered the 4-byte big-endian member

of a larger XDR family.

4. DISCUSSION

(1) Why use a language for describing data? What's wrong with

diagrams?

There are many advantages in using a data-description language such

as XDR versus using diagrams. Languages are more formal than

diagrams and lead to less ambiguous descriptions of data. Languages

are also easier to understand and allow one to think of other issues

instead of the low-level details of bit-encoding. Also, there is a

close analogy between the types of XDR and a high-level language such

as C or Pascal. This makes the implementation of XDR encoding and

decoding modules an easier task. Finally, the language specification

itself is an ASCII string that can be passed from machine to machine

to perform on-the-fly data interpretation.

(2) Why is there only one byte-order for an XDR unit?

Supporting two byte-orderings requires a higher level protocol for

determining in which byte-order the data is encoded. Since XDR is

not a protocol, this can't be done. The advantage of this, though,

is that data in XDR format can be written to a magnetic tape, for

example, and any machine will be able to interpret it, since no

higher level protocol is necessary for determining the byte-order.

(3) Why is the XDR byte-order big-endian instead of little-endian?

Isn't this unfair to little-endian machines such as the VAX(r), which

has to convert from one form to the other?

Yes, it is unfair, but having only one byte-order means you have to

be unfair to somebody. Many architectures, such as the Motorola

68000* and IBM 370*, support the big-endian byte-order.

(4) Why is the XDR unit four bytes wide?

There is a tradeoff in choosing the XDR unit size. Choosing a small

size such as two makes the encoded data small, but causes alignment

problems for machines that aren't aligned on these boundaries. A

large size such as eight means the data will be aligned on virtually

every machine, but causes the encoded data to grow too big. We chose

four as a compromise. Four is big enough to support most

architectures efficiently, except for rare machines such as the

eight-byte aligned Cray*. Four is also small enough to keep the

encoded data restricted to a reasonable size.

(5) Why must variable-length data be padded with zeros?

It is desirable that the same data encode into the same thing on all

machines, so that encoded data can be meaningfully compared or

checksummed. Forcing the padded bytes to be zero ensures this.

(6) Why is there no explicit data-typing?

Data-typing has a relatively high cost for what small advantages it

may have. One cost is the expansion of data due to the inserted type

fields. Another is the added cost of interpreting these type fields

and acting accordingly. And most protocols already know what type

they expect, so data-typing supplies only redundant information.

However, one can still get the benefits of data-typing using XDR. One

way is to encode two things: first a string which is the XDR data

description of the encoded data, and then the encoded data itself.

Another way is to assign a value to all the types in XDR, and then

define a universal type which takes this value as its discriminant

and for each value, describes the corresponding data type.

5. THE XDR LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION

5.1 Notational Conventions

This specification uses an extended Back-Naur Form notation for

describing the XDR language. Here is a brief description of the

notation:

(1) The characters '', '(', ')', '[', ']', '"', and '*' are special.

(2) Terminal symbols are strings of any characters surrounded by

double quotes. (3) Non-terminal symbols are strings of non-special

characters. (4) Alternative items are separated by a vertical bar

(""). (5) Optional items are enclosed in brackets. (6) Items are

grouped together by enclosing them in parentheses. (7) A '*'

following an item means 0 or more occurrences of that item.

For example, consider the following pattern:

"a " "very" (", " "very")* [" cold " "and "] " rainy "

("day" "night")

An infinite number of strings match this pattern. A few of them are:

"a very rainy day"

"a very, very rainy day"

"a very cold and rainy day"

"a very, very, very cold and rainy night"

5.2 Lexical Notes

(1) Comments begin with '/*' and terminate with '*/'. (2) White

space serves to separate items and is otherwise ignored. (3) An

identifier is a letter followed by an optional sequence of letters,

digits or underbar ('_'). The case of identifiers is not ignored.

(4) A constant is a sequence of one or more decimal digits,

optionally preceded by a minus-sign ('-').

5.3 Syntax Information

declaration:

type-specifier identifier

type-specifier identifier "[" value "]"

type-specifier identifier "<" [ value ] ">"

"opaque" identifier "[" value "]"

"opaque" identifier "<" [ value ] ">"

"string" identifier "<" [ value ] ">"

type-specifier "*" identifier

"void"

value:

constant

identifier

type-specifier:

[ "unsigned" ] "int"

[ "unsigned" ] "hyper"

"float"

"double"

"quadruple"

"bool"

enum-type-spec

struct-type-spec

union-type-spec

identifier

enum-type-spec:

"enum" enum-body

enum-body:

"{"

( identifier "=" value )

( "," identifier "=" value )*

"}"

struct-type-spec:

"struct" struct-body

struct-body:

"{"

( declaration ";" )

( declaration ";" )*

"}"

union-type-spec:

"union" union-body

union-body:

"switch" "(" declaration ")" "{"

( "case" value ":" declaration ";" )

( "case" value ":" declaration ";" )*

[ "default" ":" declaration ";" ]

"}"

constant-def:

"const" identifier "=" constant ";"

type-def:

"typedef" declaration ";"

"enum" identifier enum-body ";"

"struct" identifier struct-body ";"

"union" identifier union-body ";"

definition:

type-def

constant-def

specification:

definition *

5.4 Syntax Notes

(1) The following are keywords and cannot be used as identifiers:

"bool", "case", "const", "default", "double", "quadruple", "enum",

"float", "hyper", "opaque", "string", "struct", "switch", "typedef",

"union", "unsigned" and "void".

(2) Only unsigned constants may be used as size specifications for

arrays. If an identifier is used, it must have been declared

previously as an unsigned constant in a "const" definition.

(3) Constant and type identifiers within the scope of a specification

are in the same name space and must be declared uniquely within this

scope.

(4) Similarly, variable names must be unique within the scope of

struct and union declarations. Nested struct and union declarations

create new scopes.

(5) The discriminant of a union must be of a type that evaluates to

an integer. That is, "int", "unsigned int", "bool", an enumerated

type or any typedefed type that evaluates to one of these is legal.

Also, the case values must be one of the legal values of the

discriminant. Finally, a case value may not be specified more than

once within the scope of a union declaration.

6. AN EXAMPLE OF AN XDR DATA DESCRIPTION

Here is a short XDR data description of a thing called a "file",

which might be used to transfer files from one machine to another.

const MAXUSERNAME = 32; /* max length of a user name */

const MAXFILELEN = 65535; /* max length of a file */

const MAXNAMELEN = 255; /* max length of a file name */

/*

* Types of files:

*/

enum filekind {

TEXT = 0, /* ascii data */

DATA = 1, /* raw data */

EXEC = 2 /* executable */

};

/*

* File information, per kind of file:

*/

union filetype switch (filekind kind) {

case TEXT:

void; /* no extra information */

case DATA:

string creator<MAXNAMELEN>; /* data creator */

case EXEC:

string interpretor<MAXNAMELEN>; /* program interpretor */

};

/*

* A complete file:

*/

struct file {

string filename<MAXNAMELEN>; /* name of file */

filetype type; /* info about file */

string owner<MAXUSERNAME>; /* owner of file */

opaque data<MAXFILELEN>; /* file data */

};

Suppose now that there is a user named "john" who wants to store his

lisp program "sillyprog" that contains just the data "(quit)". His

file would be encoded as follows:

OFFSET HEX BYTES ASCII COMMENTS

------ --------- ----- --------

0 00 00 00 09 .... -- length of filename = 9

4 73 69 6c 6c sill -- filename characters

8 79 70 72 6f ypro -- ... and more characters ...

12 67 00 00 00 g... -- ... and 3 zero-bytes of fill

16 00 00 00 02 .... -- filekind is EXEC = 2

20 00 00 00 04 .... -- length of interpretor = 4

24 6c 69 73 70 lisp -- interpretor characters

28 00 00 00 04 .... -- length of owner = 4

32 6a 6f 68 6e john -- owner characters

36 00 00 00 06 .... -- length of file data = 6

40 28 71 75 69 (qui -- file data bytes ...

44 74 29 00 00 t).. -- ... and 2 zero-bytes of fill

7. TRADEMARKS AND OWNERS

SUN WORKSTATION Sun Microsystems, Inc.

VAX Digital Equipment Corporation

IBM-PC International Business Machines Corporation

Cray Cray Research

NFS Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Ethernet Xerox Corporation.

Motorola 68000 Motorola, Inc.

IBM 370 International Business Machines Corporation

APPENDIX A: ANSI/IEEE Standard 754-1985

The definition of NaNs, signed zero and infinity, and denormalized

numbers from [3] is reproduced here for convenience. The definitions

for quadruple-precision floating point numbers are analogs of those

for single and double-precision floating point numbers, and are

defined in [3].

In the following, 'S' stands for the sign bit, 'E' for the exponent,

and 'F' for the fractional part. The symbol 'u' stands for an

undefined bit (0 or 1).

For single-precision floating point numbers:

Type S (1 bit) E (8 bits) F (23 bits)

---- --------- ---------- -----------

signalling NaN u 255 (max) .0uuuuu---u

(with at least

one 1 bit)

quiet NaN u 255 (max) .1uuuuu---u

negative infinity 1 255 (max) .000000---0

positive infinity 0 255 (max) .000000---0

negative zero 1 0 .000000---0

positive zero 0 0 .000000---0

For double-precision floating point numbers:

Type S (1 bit) E (11 bits) F (52 bits)

---- --------- ----------- -----------

signalling NaN u 2047 (max) .0uuuuu---u

(with at least

one 1 bit)

quiet NaN u 2047 (max) .1uuuuu---u

negative infinity 1 2047 (max) .000000---0

positive infinity 0 2047 (max) .000000---0

negative zero 1 0 .000000---0

positive zero 0 0 .000000---0

For quadruple-precision floating point numbers:

Type S (1 bit) E (15 bits) F (112 bits)

---- --------- ----------- ------------

signalling NaN u 32767 (max) .0uuuuu---u

(with at least

one 1 bit)

quiet NaN u 32767 (max) .1uuuuu---u

negative infinity 1 32767 (max) .000000---0

positive infinity 0 32767 (max) .000000---0

negative zero 1 0 .000000---0

positive zero 0 0 .000000---0

Subnormal numbers are represented as follows:

Precision Exponent Value

--------- -------- -----

Single 0 (-1)**S * 2**(-126) * 0.F

Double 0 (-1)**S * 2**(-1022) * 0.F

Quadruple 0 (-1)**S * 2**(-16382) * 0.F

APPENDIX B: REFERENCES

[1] Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie, "The C Programming

Language", Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1978.

[2] Danny Cohen, "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace", IEEE Computer,

October 1981.

[3] "IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic", ANSI/IEEE

Standard 754-1985, Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, August 1985.

[4] "Courier: The Remote Procedure Call Protocol", XEROX

Corporation, XSIS 038112, December 1981.

[5] "The SPARC Architecture Manual: Version 8", Prentice Hall,

ISBN 0-13-825001-4.

[6] "HP Precision Architecture Handbook", June 1987, 5954-9906.

[7] Srinivasan, R., "Remote Procedure Call Protocol Version 2",

RFC1831, Sun Microsystems, Inc., August 1995.

Security Considerations

Security issues are not discussed in this memo.

Author's Address

Raj Srinivasan

Sun Microsystems, Inc.

ONC Technologies

2550 Garcia Avenue

M/S MTV-5-40

Mountain View, CA 94043

USA

Phone: 415-336-2478

Fax: 415-336-6015

 
 
 
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