Network Working Group P. McMahon
Request for Comments: 1961 ICL
Category: Standards Track June 1996
GSS-API Authentication Method for SOCKS Version 5
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Table of Contents
1. Purpose ............................................ 1
2. IntrodUCtion ....................................... 1
3. GSS-API Security Context Establishment ............. 2
4. GSS-API Protection-level Options ................... 5
5. GSS-API Per-message Protection ..................... 7
6. GSS-API Security Context Termination ............... 8
7. References ......................................... 8
8. Acknowledgments .................................... 8
9. Security Considerations ............................ 8
10. Author's Address .................................. 9
1. Purpose
The protocol specification for SOCKS Version 5 specifies a
generalized framework for the use of arbitrary authentication
protocols in the initial SOCKS connection setup. This document
provides the specification for the SOCKS V5 GSS-API authentication
protocol, and defines a GSS-API-based encapsulation for provision of
integrity, authentication and optional confidentiality.
2. Introduction
GSS-API provides an abstract interface which provides security
services for use in distributed applications, but isolates callers
from specific security mechanisms and implementations.
GSS-API peers achieve interoperability by establishing a common
security mechanism for security context establishment - either
through administrative action, or through negotiation. GSS-API is
specified in [RFC1508], and [RFC1509]. This specification is
intended for use with implementations of GSS-API, and the emerging
GSS-API V2 specification.
The approach for use of GSS-API in SOCKS V5 is to authenticate the
client and server by successfully establishing a GSS-API security
context - such that the GSS-API encapsulates any negotiation protocol
for mechanism selection, and the agreement of security service
options.
The GSS-API enables the context initiator to know what security
services the target supports for the chosen mechanism. The required
level of protection is then agreed by negotiation.
The GSS-API per-message protection calls are subsequently used to
encapsulate any further TCP and UDP traffic between client and
server.
3. GSS-API Security Context Establishment
3.1 Preparation
Prior to use of GSS-API primitives, the client and server should be
locally authenticated, and have established default GSS-API
credentials.
The client should call gss_import_name to oBTain an internal
representation of the server name. For maximal portability the
default name_type GSS_C_NULL_OID should be used to specify the
default name space, and the input name_string should treated by the
client's code as an opaque name-space specific input.
For example, when using Kerberos V5 naming, the imported name may be
of the form "SERVICE:socks@socks_server_hostname" where
"socks_server_hostname" is the fully qualified host name of the
server with all letters in lower case. Other mechanisms may, however,
have different name forms, so the client should not make assumptions
about the name syntax.
3.2 Client Context Establishment
The client should then call gss_init_sec_context, typically passing:
GSS_C_NO_CREDENTIAL into cred_handle to specify the default
credential (for initiator usage),
GSS_C_NULL_OID into mech_type to specify the default
mechanism,
GSS_C_NO_CONTEXT into context_handle to specify a NULL
context (initially), and,
the previously imported server name into target_name.
The client must also specify its requirements for replay protection,
delegation, and sequence protection via the gss_init_sec_context
req_flags parameter. It is required by this specification that the
client always requests these service options (i.e. passes
GSS_C_MUTUAL_FLAG GSS_C_REPLAY_FLAG GSS_C_DELEG_FLAG
GSS_C_SEQUENCE_FLAG into req_flags).
However, GSS_C_SEQUENCE_FLAG should only be passed in for TCP-based
clients, not for UDP-based clients.
3.3 Client Context Establishment Major Status codes
The gss_init_sec_context returned status code can take two different
success values:
- If gss_init_sec_context returns GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED, then the
client should eXPect the server to issue a token in the
subsequent subnegotiation response. The client must pass the
token to another call to gss_init_sec_context, and repeat this
procedure until "continue" operations are complete.
- If gss_init_sec_context returns GSS_S_COMPLETE, then the client
should respond to the server with any resulting output_token.
If there is no output_token, the client should proceed to send
the protected request details, including any required message
protection subnegotiation as specified in sections 4 and 5
below.
3.4 Client initial token
The client's GSS-API implementation then typically responds with the
resulting output_token which the client sends in a message to the
server.
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ ver mtyp len token
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ 0x01 0x01 0x02 up to 2^16 - 1 octets
+------+------+------+.......................+
Where:
- "ver" is the protocol version number, here 1 to represent the
first version of the SOCKS/GSS-API protocol
- "mtyp" is the message type, here 1 to represent an
authentication message
- "len" is the length of the "token" field in octets
- "token" is the opaque authentication token emitted by GSS-API
3.5 Client GSS-API Initialisation Failure
If, however, the client's GSS-API implementation failed during
gss_init_sec_context, the client must close its connection to the
server.
3.6 Server Context Establishment
For the case where a client successfully sends a token emitted by
gss_init_sec_context() to the server, the server must pass the
client-supplied token to gss_accept_sec_context as input_token.
When calling gss_accept_sec_context() for the first time, the
context_handle argument is initially set to GSS_C_NO_CONTEXT.
For portability, verifier_cred_handle is set to GSS_C_NO_CREDENTIAL
to specify default credentials (for acceptor usage).
If gss_accept_sec_context returns GSS_CONTINUE_NEEDED, the server
should return the generated output_token to the client, and
subsequently pass the resulting client supplied token to another call
to gss_accept_sec_context.
If gss_accept_sec_context returns GSS_S_COMPLETE, then, if an
output_token is returned, the server should return it to the client.
If no token is returned, a zero length token should be sent by the
server to signal to the client that it is ready to receive the
client's request.
3.7 Server Reply
In all continue/confirmation cases, the server uses the same message
type as for the client -> server interaction.
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ ver mtyp len token
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ 0x01 0x01 0x02 up to 2^16 - 1 octets
+------+------+------+.......................+
3.8 Security Context Failure
If the server refuses the client's connection for any reason (GSS-API
authentication failure or otherwise), it will return:
+------+------+
+ ver mtyp
+------+------+
+ 0x01 0xff
+------+------+
Where:
- "ver" is the protocol version number, here 1 to represent the
first version of the SOCKS/GSS-API protocol
- "mtyp" is the message type, here 0xff to represent an abort
message
4. GSS-API Protection-level Options
4.1 Message protection
Establishment of a GSS-API security context enables comunicating
peers to determine which per-message protection services are
available to them through the gss_init_sec_context() and
gss_accept_sec_context() ret_flags GSS_C_INTEG_FLAG and
GSS_C_CONF_FLAG which respectively indicate message integrity and
confidentiality services.
It is necessary to ensure that the message protection applied to the
traffic is appropriate to the sensitivity of the data, and the
severity of the threats.
4.2 Message Protection Subnegotiation
For TCP and UDP clients and servers, different levels of protection
are possible in the SOCKS V5 protocol, so an additional
subnegotiation stage is needed to agree the message protection level.
After successful completion of this subnegotiation, TCP and UDP
clients and servers use GSS-API encapsulation as defined in section
5.1.
After successful establishment of a GSS-API security context, the
client's GSS-API implementation sends its required security context
protection level to the server. The server then returns the security
context protection level which it agrees to - which may or may not
take the the client's request into account.
The security context protection level sent by client and server must
be one of the following values:
1 required per-message integrity
2 required per-message integrity and confidentiality
3 selective per-message integrity or confidentiality based on
local client and server configurations
It is anticipated that most implementations will agree on level 1 or
2 due to the practical difficulties in applying selective controls to
messages passed through a socks library.
4.3 Message Protection Subnegotiation Message Format
The security context protection level is sent from client to server
and vice versa using the following protected message format:
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ ver mtyp len token
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ 0x01 0x02 0x02 up to 2^16 - 1 octets
+------+------+------+.......................+
Where:
- "ver" is the protocol version number, here 1 to represent the
first version of the SOCKS/GSS-API protocol
- "mtyp" is the message type, here 2 to represent a protection
-level negotiation message
- "len" is the length of the "token" field in octets
- "token" is the GSS-API encapsulated protection level
4.4 Message Protection Subnegotiation Message Generation
The token is produced by encapsulating an octet containing the
required protection level using gss_seal()/gss_wrap() with conf_req
set to FALSE. The token is verified using gss_unseal()/
gss_unwrap().
If the server's choice of protection level is unacceptable to the
client, then the client must close its connection to the server
5. GSS-API Per-message Protection
For TCP and UDP clients and servers, the GSS-API functions for
encapsulation and de-encapsulation shall be used by implementations -
i.e. gss_seal()/gss_wrap(), and gss_unseal()/ gss_unwrap().
The default value of quality of protection shall be specified, and
the use of conf_req_flag shall be as determined by the previous
subnegotiation step. If protection level 1 is agreed then
conf_req_flag MUST always be FALSE; if protection level 2 is agreed
then conf_req_flag MUST always be TRUE; and if protection level 3 is
agreed then conf_req is determined on a per-message basis by client
and server using local configuration.
All encapsulated messages are prefixed by the following framing:
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ ver mtyp len token
+------+------+------+.......................+
+ 0x01 0x03 0x02 up to 2^16 - 1 octets
+------+------+------+.......................+
Where:
- "ver" is the protocol version number, here 1 to represent the
first version of the SOCKS/GSS-API protocol
- "mtyp" is the message type, here 3 to represent encapulated user
data
- "len" is the length of the "token" field in octets
- "token" is the user data encapsulated by GSS-API
6. GSS-API Security Context Termination
The GSS-API context termination message (emitted by
gss_delete_sec_context) is not used by this protocol.
When the connection is closed, each peer invokes
gss_delete_sec_context() passing GSS_C_NO_BUFFER into the
output_token argument.
7. References
[RFC1508] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service API",
September 1993.
[RFC1509] Wray, J., "Generic Security Service API : C-bindings",
September 1993.
[SOCKS V5] Leech, M., Ganis, M., Lee, Y., Kuris, R., Koblas, D.,
and L. Jones, "SOCKS Protocol V5", RFC1928, April
1996.
8. Acknowledgment
This document builds from a previous memo produced by Marcus Leech
(BNR) - whose comments are gratefully acknowleged. It also reflects
input from the AFT WG, and comments arising from implementation
experience by Xavier Gosselin (IUT Lyons).
9. Security Considerations
The security services provided through the GSS-API are entirely
dependent on the effectiveness of the underlying security mechanisms,
and the correctness of the implementation of the underlying
algorithms and protocols.
The user of a GSS-API service must ensure that the quality of
protection provided by the mechanism implementation is consistent
with their security policy.
In addition, where negotiation is supported under the GSS-API,
constraints on acceptable mechanisms may be imposed to ensure
suitability for application to authenticated firewall traversal.
10. Author's Address
P. V. McMahon
ICL Enterprises
Kings House
33 Kings Road
Reading, RG1 3PX
UK
EMail: p.v.mcmahon@rea0803.wins.icl.co.uk
Phone: +44 1734 634882
Fax: +44 1734 855106