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RFC2104 - HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

王朝other·作者佚名  2008-05-31
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Network Working Group H. Krawczyk

Request for Comments: 2104 IBM

Category: Informational M. Bellare

UCSD

R. Canetti

IBM

February 1997

HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

Status of This Memo

This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo

does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of

this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This document describes HMAC, a mechanism for message authentication

using cryptographic hash functions. HMAC can be used with any

iterative cryptographic hash function, e.g., MD5, SHA-1, in

combination with a secret shared key. The cryptographic strength of

HMAC depends on the properties of the underlying hash function.

1. Introduction

Providing a way to check the integrity of information transmitted

over or stored in an unreliable medium is a prime necessity in the

world of open computing and communications. Mechanisms that provide

such integrity check based on a secret key are usually called

"message authentication codes" (MAC). Typically, message

authentication codes are used between two parties that share a secret

key in order to validate information transmitted between these

parties. In this document we present such a MAC mechanism based on

cryptographic hash functions. This mechanism, called HMAC, is based

on work by the authors [BCK1] where the construction is presented and

cryptographically analyzed. We refer to that work for the details on

the rationale and security analysis of HMAC, and its comparison to

other keyed-hash methods.

HMAC can be used in combination with any iterated cryptographic hash

function. MD5 and SHA-1 are examples of such hash functions. HMAC

also uses a secret key for calculation and verification of the

message authentication values. The main goals behind this

construction are

* To use, without modifications, available hash functions.

In particular, hash functions that perform well in software,

and for which code is freely and widely available.

* To preserve the original performance of the hash function without

incurring a significant degradation.

* To use and handle keys in a simple way.

* To have a well understood cryptographic analysis of the strength of

the authentication mechanism based on reasonable assumptions on the

underlying hash function.

* To allow for easy replaceability of the underlying hash function in

case that faster or more secure hash functions are found or

required.

This document specifies HMAC using a generic cryptographic hash

function (denoted by H). Specific instantiations of HMAC need to

define a particular hash function. Current candidates for such hash

functions include SHA-1 [SHA], MD5 [MD5], RIPEMD-128/160 [RIPEMD].

These different realizations of HMAC will be denoted by HMAC-SHA1,

HMAC-MD5, HMAC-RIPEMD, etc.

Note: To the date of writing of this document MD5 and SHA-1 are the

most widely used cryptographic hash functions. MD5 has been recently

shown to be vulnerable to collision search attacks [Dobb]. This

attack and other currently known weaknesses of MD5 do not compromise

the use of MD5 within HMAC as specified in this document (see

[Dobb]); however, SHA-1 appears to be a cryptographically stronger

function. To this date, MD5 can be considered for use in HMAC for

applications where the superior performance of MD5 is critical. In

any case, implementers and users need to be aware of possible

cryptanalytic developments regarding any of these cryptographic hash

functions, and the eventual need to replace the underlying hash

function. (See section 6 for more information on the security of

HMAC.)

2. Definition of HMAC

The definition of HMAC requires a cryptographic hash function, which

we denote by H, and a secret key K. We assume H to be a cryptographic

hash function where data is hashed by iterating a basic compression

function on blocks of data. We denote by B the byte-length of such

blocks (B=64 for all the above mentioned examples of hash functions),

and by L the byte-length of hash outputs (L=16 for MD5, L=20 for

SHA-1). The authentication key K can be of any length up to B, the

block length of the hash function. Applications that use keys longer

than B bytes will first hash the key using H and then use the

resultant L byte string as the actual key to HMAC. In any case the

minimal recommended length for K is L bytes (as the hash output

length). See section 3 for more information on keys.

We define two fixed and different strings ipad and opad as follows

(the 'i' and 'o' are mnemonics for inner and outer):

ipad = the byte 0x36 repeated B times

opad = the byte 0x5C repeated B times.

To compute HMAC over the data `text' we perform

H(K XOR opad, H(K XOR ipad, text))

Namely,

(1) append zeros to the end of K to create a B byte string

(e.g., if K is of length 20 bytes and B=64, then K will be

appended with 44 zero bytes 0x00)

(2) XOR (bitwise exclusive-OR) the B byte string computed in step

(1) with ipad

(3) append the stream of data 'text' to the B byte string resulting

from step (2)

(4) apply H to the stream generated in step (3)

(5) XOR (bitwise exclusive-OR) the B byte string computed in

step (1) with opad

(6) append the H result from step (4) to the B byte string

resulting from step (5)

(7) apply H to the stream generated in step (6) and output

the result

For illustration purposes, sample code based on MD5 is provided as an

appendix.

3. Keys

The key for HMAC can be of any length (keys longer than B bytes are

first hashed using H). However, less than L bytes is strongly

discouraged as it would decrease the security strength of the

function. Keys longer than L bytes are acceptable but the extra

length would not significantly increase the function strength. (A

longer key may be advisable if the randomness of the key is

considered weak.)

Keys need to be chosen at random (or using a cryptographically strong

pseudo-random generator seeded with a random seed), and periodically

refreshed. (Current attacks do not indicate a specific recommended

frequency for key changes as these attacks are practically

infeasible. However, periodic key refreshment is a fundamental

security practice that helps against potential weaknesses of the

function and keys, and limits the damage of an eXPosed key.)

4. Implementation Note

HMAC is defined in such a way that the underlying hash function H can

be used with no modification to its code. In particular, it uses the

function H with the pre-defined initial value IV (a fixed value

specified by each iterative hash function to initialize its

compression function). However, if desired, a performance

improvement can be achieved at the cost of (possibly) modifying the

code of H to support variable IVs.

The idea is that the intermediate results of the compression function

on the B-byte blocks (K XOR ipad) and (K XOR opad) can be precomputed

only once at the time of generation of the key K, or before its first

use. These intermediate results are stored and then used to

initialize the IV of H each time that a message needs to be

authenticated. This method saves, for each authenticated message,

the application of the compression function of H on two B-byte blocks

(i.e., on (K XOR ipad) and (K XOR opad)). Such a savings may be

significant when authenticating short streams of data. We stress

that the stored intermediate values need to be treated and protected

the same as secret keys.

Choosing to implement HMAC in the above way is a decision of the

local implementation and has no effect on inter-operability.

5. Truncated output

A well-known practice with message authentication codes is to

truncate the output of the MAC and output only part of the bits

(e.g., [MM, ANSI]). Preneel and van Oorschot [PV] show some

analytical advantages of truncating the output of hash-based MAC

functions. The results in this area are not absolute as for the

overall security advantages of truncation. It has advantages (less

information on the hash result available to an attacker) and

disadvantages (less bits to predict for the attacker). Applications

of HMAC can choose to truncate the output of HMAC by outputting the t

leftmost bits of the HMAC computation for some parameter t (namely,

the computation is carried in the normal way as defined in section 2

above but the end result is truncated to t bits). We recommend that

the output length t be not less than half the length of the hash

output (to match the birthday attack bound) and not less than 80 bits

(a suitable lower bound on the number of bits that need to be

predicted by an attacker). We propose denoting a realization of HMAC

that uses a hash function H with t bits of output as HMAC-H-t. For

example, HMAC-SHA1-80 denotes HMAC computed using the SHA-1 function

and with the output truncated to 80 bits. (If the parameter t is not

specified, e.g. HMAC-MD5, then it is assumed that all the bits of the

hash are output.)

6. Security

The security of the message authentication mechanism presented here

depends on cryptographic properties of the hash function H: the

resistance to collision finding (limited to the case where the

initial value is secret and random, and where the output of the

function is not explicitly available to the attacker), and the

message authentication property of the compression function of H when

applied to single blocks (in HMAC these blocks are partially unknown

to an attacker as they contain the result of the inner H computation

and, in particular, cannot be fully chosen by the attacker).

These properties, and actually stronger ones, are commonly assumed

for hash functions of the kind used with HMAC. In particular, a hash

function for which the above properties do not hold would become

unsuitable for most (probably, all) cryptographic applications,

including alternative message authentication schemes based on such

functions. (For a complete analysis and rationale of the HMAC

function the reader is referred to [BCK1].)

Given the limited confidence gained so far as for the cryptographic

strength of candidate hash functions, it is important to observe the

following two properties of the HMAC construction and its secure use

for message authentication:

1. The construction is independent of the details of the particular

hash function H in use and then the latter can be replaced by any

other secure (iterative) cryptographic hash function.

2. Message authentication, as opposed to encryption, has a

"transient" effect. A published breaking of a message authentication

scheme would lead to the replacement of that scheme, but would have

no adversarial effect on information authenticated in the past. This

is in sharp contrast with encryption, where information encrypted

today may suffer from exposure in the future if, and when, the

encryption algorithm is broken.

The strongest attack known against HMAC is based on the frequency of

collisions for the hash function H ("birthday attack") [PV,BCK2], and

is totally impractical for minimally reasonable hash functions.

As an example, if we consider a hash function like MD5 where the

output length equals L=16 bytes (128 bits) the attacker needs to

acquire the correct message authentication tags computed (with the

_same_ secret key K!) on about 2**64 known plaintexts. This would

require the processing of at least 2**64 blocks under H, an

impossible task in any realistic scenario (for a block length of 64

bytes this would take 250,000 years in a continuous 1Gbps link, and

without changing the secret key K during all this time). This attack

could become realistic only if serious flaws in the collision

behavior of the function H are discovered (e.g. collisions found

after 2**30 messages). Such a discovery would determine the immediate

replacement of the function H (the effects of such failure would be

far more severe for the traditional uses of H in the context of

digital signatures, public key certificates, etc.).

Note: this attack needs to be strongly contrasted with regular

collision attacks on cryptographic hash functions where no secret key

is involved and where 2**64 off-line parallelizable (!) operations

suffice to find collisions. The latter attack is approaching

feasibility [VW] while the birthday attack on HMAC is totally

impractical. (In the above examples, if one uses a hash function

with, say, 160 bit of output then 2**64 should be replaced by 2**80.)

A correct implementation of the above construction, the choice of

random (or cryptographically pseudorandom) keys, a secure key

exchange mechanism, frequent key refreshments, and good secrecy

protection of keys are all essential ingredients for the security of

the integrity verification mechanism provided by HMAC.

Appendix -- Sample Code

For the sake of illustration we provide the following sample code for

the implementation of HMAC-MD5 as well as some corresponding test

vectors (the code is based on MD5 code as described in [MD5]).

/*

** Function: hmac_md5

*/

void

hmac_md5(text, text_len, key, key_len, digest)

unsigned char* text; /* pointer to data stream */

int text_len; /* length of data stream */

unsigned char* key; /* pointer to authentication key */

int key_len; /* length of authentication key */

caddr_t digest; /* caller digest to be filled in */

{

MD5_CTX context;

unsigned char k_ipad[65]; /* inner padding -

* key XORd with ipad

*/

unsigned char k_opad[65]; /* outer padding -

* key XORd with opad

*/

unsigned char tk[16];

int i;

/* if key is longer than 64 bytes reset it to key=MD5(key) */

if (key_len > 64) {

MD5_CTX tctx;

MD5Init(&tctx);

MD5Update(&tctx, key, key_len);

MD5Final(tk, &tctx);

key = tk;

key_len = 16;

}

/*

* the HMAC_MD5 transform looks like:

*

* MD5(K XOR opad, MD5(K XOR ipad, text))

*

* where K is an n byte key

* ipad is the byte 0x36 repeated 64 times

* opad is the byte 0x5c repeated 64 times

* and text is the data being protected

*/

/* start out by storing key in pads */

bzero( k_ipad, sizeof k_ipad);

bzero( k_opad, sizeof k_opad);

bcopy( key, k_ipad, key_len);

bcopy( key, k_opad, key_len);

/* XOR key with ipad and opad values */

for (i=0; i<64; i++) {

k_ipad[i] ^= 0x36;

k_opad[i] ^= 0x5c;

}

/*

* perform inner MD5

*/

MD5Init(&context); /* init context for 1st

* pass */

MD5Update(&context, k_ipad, 64) /* start with inner pad */

MD5Update(&context, text, text_len); /* then text of datagram */

MD5Final(digest, &context); /* finish up 1st pass */

/*

* perform outer MD5

*/

MD5Init(&context); /* init context for 2nd

* pass */

MD5Update(&context, k_opad, 64); /* start with outer pad */

MD5Update(&context, digest, 16); /* then results of 1st

* hash */

MD5Final(digest, &context); /* finish up 2nd pass */

}

Test Vectors (Trailing '\0' of a character string not included in test):

key = 0x0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b

key_len = 16 bytes

data = "Hi There"

data_len = 8 bytes

digest = 0x9294727a3638bb1c13f48ef8158bfc9d

key = "Jefe"

data = "what do ya want for nothing?"

data_len = 28 bytes

digest = 0x750c783e6ab0b503eaa86e310a5db738

key = 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

key_len 16 bytes

data = 0xDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD...

..DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD...

..DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD...

..DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD...

..DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

data_len = 50 bytes

digest = 0x56be34521d144c88dbb8c733f0e8b3f6

Acknowledgments

Pau-Chen Cheng, Jeff Kraemer, and Michael Oehler, have provided

useful comments on early drafts, and ran the first interoperability

tests of this specification. Jeff and Pau-Chen kindly provided the

sample code and test vectors that appear in the appendix. Burt

Kaliski, Bart Preneel, Matt Robshaw, Adi Shamir, and Paul van

Oorschot have provided useful comments and suggestions during the

investigation of the HMAC construction.

References

[ANSI] ANSI X9.9, "American National Standard for Financial

Institution Message Authentication (Wholesale)," American

Bankers Association, 1981. Revised 1986.

[Atk] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC1826, August

1995.

[BCK1] M. Bellare, R. Canetti, and H. Krawczyk,

"Keyed Hash Functions and Message Authentication",

Proceedings of Crypto'96, LNCS 1109, pp. 1-15.

(http://www.research.ibm.com/security/keyed-md5.Html)

[BCK2] M. Bellare, R. Canetti, and H. Krawczyk,

"Pseudorandom Functions Revisited: The Cascade Construction",

Proceedings of FOCS'96.

[Dobb] H. Dobbertin, "The Status of MD5 After a Recent Attack",

RSA Labs' CryptoBytes, Vol. 2 No. 2, Summer 1996.

http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/pubs/cryptobytes.html

[PV] B. Preneel and P. van Oorschot, "Building fast MACs from hash

functions", Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO'95 Proceedings,

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag Vol.963,

1995, pp. 1-14.

[MD5] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm",

RFC1321, April 1992.

[MM] Meyer, S. and Matyas, S.M., Cryptography, New York Wiley,

1982.

[RIPEMD] H. Dobbertin, A. Bosselaers, and B. Preneel, "RIPEMD-160: A

strengthened version of RIPEMD", Fast Software Encryption,

LNCS Vol 1039, pp. 71-82.

FTP://ftp.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/COSIC/bosselae/ripemd/.

[SHA] NIST, FIPS PUB 180-1: Secure Hash Standard, April 1995.

[Tsu] G. Tsudik, "Message authentication with one-way hash

functions", In Proceedings of Infocom'92, May 1992.

(Also in "Access Control and Policy Enforcement in

Internetworks", Ph.D. Dissertation, Computer Science

Department, University of Southern California, April 1991.)

[VW] P. van Oorschot and M. Wiener, "Parallel Collision

Search with Applications to Hash Functions and Discrete

Logarithms", Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conf. Computer and

Communications Security, Fairfax, VA, November 1994.

Authors' Addresses

Hugo Krawczyk

IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

P.O.Box 704

Yorktown Heights, NY 10598

EMail: hugo@watson.ibm.com

Mihir Bellare

Dept of Computer Science and Engineering

Mail Code 0114

University of California at San Diego

9500 Gilman Drive

La Jolla, CA 92093

EMail: mihir@cs.ucsd.edu

Ran Canetti

IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

P.O.Box 704

Yorktown Heights, NY 10598

EMail: canetti@watson.ibm.com

 
 
 
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