Network Working Group G. Montenegro, Editor
Request for Comments: 3024 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Obsoletes: 2344 January 2001
Category: Standards Track
Reverse Tunneling for Mobile IP, revised
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
Mobile Internet Protocol (IP) uses tunneling from the home agent to
the mobile node's care-of address, but rarely in the reverse
direction. Usually, a mobile node sends its packets through a router
on the foreign network, and assumes that routing is independent of
source address. When this assumption is not true, it is convenient
to establish a topologically correct reverse tunnel from the care-of
address to the home agent.
This document proposes backwards-compatible extensions to Mobile IP
to support topologically correct reverse tunnels. This document does
not attempt to solve the problems posed by firewalls located between
the home agent and the mobile node's care-of address.
This document obsoletes RFC2344.
Table of Contents
1. IntrodUCtion ................................................... 3
1.1. Terminology .................................................. 4
1.2. Assumptions .................................................. 4
1.3. Justification ................................................ 5
2. Overview ....................................................... 5
3. New Packet Formats ............................................. 6
3.1. Mobility Agent Advertisement Extension ....................... 6
3.2. Registration Request ......................................... 6
3.3. Encapsulating Delivery Style Extension ....................... 7
3.4. New Registration Reply Codes ................................. 8
4. Changes in Protocol Behavior ................................... 9
4.1. Mobile Node Considerations ................................... 9
4.1.1. Sending Registration Requests to the Foreign Agent ......... 9
4.1.2. Receiving Registration Replies from the Foreign Agent ...... 10
4.2. Foreign Agent Considerations ................................. 10
4.2.1. Receiving Registration Requests from the Mobile Node ....... 11
4.2.2. Relaying Registration Requests to the Home Agent ........... 11
4.3. Home Agent Considerations .................................... 11
4.3.1. Receiving Registration Requests from the Foreign Agent ..... 12
4.3.2. Sending Registration Replies to the Foreign Agent .......... 12
5. Mobile Node to Foreign Agent Delivery Styles ................... 13
5.1. Direct Delivery Style ........................................ 13
5.1.1. Packet Processing .......................................... 13
5.1.2. Packet Header Format and Fields ............................ 13
5.2. Encapsulating Delivery Style ................................. 14
5.2.1 Packet Processing ........................................... 14
5.2.2. Packet Header Format and Fields ............................ 15
5.3. Support for Broadcast and Multicast Datagrams ................ 16
5.4. Selective Reverse Tunneling .................................. 16
6. Security Considerations ........................................ 17
6.1. Reverse-tunnel Hijacking and Denial-of-Service Attacks ....... 17
6.2. Ingress Filtering ............................................ 18
6.3. Reverse Tunneling for Disparate Address Spaces ............... 18
7. IANA Considerations ............................................ 18
8. Acknowledgements ............................................... 18
References ........................................................ 19
Editor and Chair Addresses ........................................ 20
Appendix A: Disparate Address Space Support ....................... 21
A.1. Scope of the Reverse Tunneling Solution ................... 21
A.2. Terminating Forward Tunnels at the Foreign Agent .......... 24
A.3. Initiating Reverse Tunnels at the Foreign Agent ........... 26
A.4. Limited Private Address Scenario .......................... 26
Appendix B: Changes from RFC2344 .................................. 29
Full Copyright Statement .......................................... 30
1. Introduction
Section 1.3 of the Mobile IP specification [1] lists the following
assumption:
It is assumed that IP unicast datagrams are routed based on the
destination address in the datagram header (i.e., not by source
address).
Because of security concerns (for example, IP spoofing attacks), and
in accordance with RFC2267 [8] and CERT [3] advisories to this
effect, routers that break this assumption are increasingly more
common.
In the presence of such routers, the source and destination IP
address in a packet must be topologically correct. The forward
tunnel complies with this, as its endpoints (home agent address and
care-of address) are properly assigned addresses for their respective
locations. On the other hand, the source IP address of a packet
transmitted by the mobile node does not correspond to the network
prefix from where it emanates.
This document discusses topologically correct reverse tunnels.
Mobile IP does dictate the use of reverse tunnels in the context of
multicast datagram routing and mobile routers. However, the source
IP address is set to the mobile node's home address, so these tunnels
are not topologically correct.
Notice that there are several uses for reverse tunnels regardless of
their topological correctness:
- Mobile routers: reverse tunnels obviate the need for recursive
tunneling [1].
- Multicast: reverse tunnels enable a mobile node away from home
to (1) join multicast groups in its home network, and (2)
transmit multicast packets such that they emanate from its home
network [1].
- The TTL of packets sent by the mobile node (for example, when
sending packets to other hosts in its home network) may be so
low that they might eXPire before reaching their destination.
A reverse tunnel solves the problem as it represents a TTL
decrement of one [5].
1.1. Terminology
The discussion below uses terms defined in the Mobile IP
specification. Additionally, it uses the following terms:
Forward Tunnel
A tunnel that shuttles packets towards the mobile node. It
starts at the home agent, and ends at the mobile node's care-of
address.
Reverse Tunnel
A tunnel that starts at the mobile node's care-of address and
terminates at the home agent.
The key Words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [9].
1.2. Assumptions
Mobility is constrained to a common IP address space (that is, the
routing fabric between, say, the mobile node and the home agent is
not partitioned into a "private" and a "public" network).
This document does not attempt to solve the firewall traversal
problem. Rather, it assumes one of the following is true:
- There are no intervening firewalls along the path of the
tunneled packets.
- Any intervening firewalls share the security association
necessary to process any authentication [6] or encryption [7]
headers which may have been added to the tunneled packets.
The reverse tunnels considered here are symmetric, that is, they use
the same configuration (encapsulation method, IP address endpoints)
as the forward tunnel. IP in IP encapsulation [2] is assumed unless
stated otherwise.
Route optimization [4] introduces forward tunnels initiated at a
correspondent host. Since a mobile node may not know if the
correspondent host can decapsulate packets, reverse tunnels in that
context are not discussed here.
1.3. Justification
Why not let the mobile node itself initiate the tunnel to the home
agent? This is indeed what it should do if it is already operating
with a topologically correct co-located care-of address.
However, one of the primary objectives of the Mobile IP specification
is not to require this mode of operation.
The mechanisms outlined in this document are primarily intended for
use by mobile nodes that rely on the foreign agent for forward tunnel
support. It is desirable to continue supporting these mobile nodes,
even in the presence of filtering routers.
2. Overview
A mobile node arrives at a foreign network, listens for agent
advertisements and selects a foreign agent that supports reverse
tunnels. It requests this service when it registers through the
selected foreign agent. At this time, and depending on how the
mobile node wishes to deliver packets to the foreign agent, it also
requests either the Direct or the Encapsulating Delivery Style
(section 5).
In the Direct Delivery Style, the mobile node designates the foreign
agent as its default router and proceeds to send packets directly to
the foreign agent, that is, without encapsulation. The foreign agent
intercepts them, and tunnels them to the home agent.
In the Encapsulating Delivery Style, the mobile node encapsulates all
its outgoing packets to the foreign agent. The foreign agent
decapsulates and re-tunnels them to the home agent, using the foreign
agent's care-of address as the entry-point of this new tunnel.
3. New Packet Formats
3.1. Mobility Agent Advertisement Extension
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type Length Sequence Number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Lifetime RBHFMGVT reserved
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
zero or more Care-of Addresses
...
The only change to the Mobility Agent Advertisement Extension [1] is
the additional 'T' bit:
T Agent offers reverse tunneling service.
A foreign agent that sets the 'T' bit MUST support the Direct
Delivery Style. Encapsulating Delivery Style SHOULD be supported as
well (section 5).
Using this information, a mobile node is able to choose a foreign
agent that supports reverse tunnels. Notice that if a mobile node
does not understand this bit, it simply ignores it as per [1].
3.2. Registration Request
Reverse tunneling support is added directly into the Registration
Request by using one of the "rsvd" bits. If a foreign or home agent
that does not support reverse tunnels receives a request with the 'T'
bit set, the Registration Request fails. This results in a
registration denial (failure codes are specified in section 3.4).
Home agents SHOULD NOT object to providing reverse tunnel support,
because they "SHOULD be able to decapsulate and further deliver
packets addressed to themselves, sent by a mobile node" [1]. In the
case of topologically correct reverse tunnels, the packets are not
sent by the mobile node as distinguished by its home address.
Rather, the outermost (encapsulating) IP source address on such
datagrams is the care-of address of the mobile node.
In Registration Requests sent by a mobile node, the Time to Live
field in the IP header MUST be set to 255. This limits a denial of
service attack in which malicious hosts send false Registration
Requests (see Section 6).
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type SBDMGVT- Lifetime
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Home Address
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Home Agent
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Care-of Address
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Identification
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Extensions ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
The only change to the Registration Request packet is the additional
'T' bit:
T If the 'T' bit is set, the mobile node asks its home
agent to accept a reverse tunnel from the care-of
address. Mobile nodes using a foreign agent care-of
address ask the foreign agent to reverse-tunnel its
packets.
3.3. Encapsulating Delivery Style Extension
The Encapsulating Delivery Style Extension MAY be included by the
mobile node in registration requests to further specify reverse
tunneling behavior. It is expected to be used only by the foreign
agent. Accordingly, the foreign agent MUST consume this extension
(that is, it must not relay it to the home agent or include it in
replies to the mobile node). As per Section 3.6.1.3 of [1], the
mobile node MUST include the Encapsulating Delivery Style Extension
after the Mobile-Home Authentication Extension, and before the
Mobile-Foreign Authentication Extension, if present.
The Encapsulating Delivery Style Extension MUST NOT be included if
the 'T' bit is not set in the Registration Request.
If this extension is absent, Direct Delivery is assumed.
Encapsulation is done according to what was negotiated for the
forward tunnel (that is, IP in IP is assumed unless specified
otherwise). For more details on the delivery styles, please refer to
section 5.
Foreign agents SHOULD support the Encapsulating Delivery Style
Extension.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type Length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
130
Length
0
3.4. New Registration Reply Codes
Foreign and home agent registration replies MUST convey if the
reverse tunnel request failed. These new reply codes are defined:
Service denied by the foreign agent:
74 requested reverse tunnel unavailable
75 reverse tunnel is mandatory and 'T' bit not set
76 mobile node too distant
79 delivery style not supported
NOTE: Code 79 has not yet been assigned by IANA.
and
Service denied by the home agent:
137 requested reverse tunnel unavailable
138 reverse tunnel is mandatory and 'T' bit not set
139 requested encapsulation unavailable
In response to a Registration Request with the 'T' bit set, mobile
nodes may receive (and MUST accept) code 70 (poorly formed request)
from foreign agents and code 134 (poorly formed request) from home
agents. However, foreign and home agents that support reverse
tunneling MUST use codes 74 and 137, respectively.
In addition to setting the 'T' bit, the mobile node also MAY request
the Encapsulating Delivery Style by including the corresponding
extension. If a foreign agent does not implement the Encapsulating
Delivery Style, it MUST respond to the mobile node with code 79
(delivery style not supported). This also applies if the foreign
agent does not support a requested delivery style that may be defined
in the future.
Absence of the 'T' bit in a Registration Request MAY elicit denials
with codes 75 and 138 at the foreign agent and the home agent,
respectively.
Forward and reverse tunnels are symmetric, that is, both are able to
use the same tunneling options negotiated at registration. This
implies that the home agent MUST deny registrations if an unsupported
form of tunneling is requested (code 139). Notice that Mobile IP [1]
already defines the analogous failure code 72 for use by the foreign
agent.
4. Changes in Protocol Behavior
Unless otherwise specified, behavior specified by Mobile IP [1] is
assumed. In particular, if any two entities share a mobility
security association, they MUST use the appropriate Authentication
Extension (Mobile-Foreign, Foreign-Home or Mobile-Home Authentication
Extension) when exchanging registration protocol datagrams. An
admissible authentication extension (for example the Mobile-Home
Authentication Extension) MUST always be present to authenticate
registration messages between a mobile node and its home agent.
Reverse tunneling imposes additional protocol processing requirements
on mobile entities. Differences in protocol behavior with respect to
Mobile IP [1] are specified in the subsequent sections.
4.1. Mobile Node Considerations
This section describes how the mobile node handles registrations that
request a reverse tunnel.
4.1.1. Sending Registration Requests to the Foreign Agent
In addition to the considerations in [1], a mobile node sets the 'T'
bit in its Registration Request to petition a reverse tunnel.
The mobile node MUST set the TTL field of the IP header to 255. This
is meant to limit the reverse tunnel hijacking attack (Section 6).
The mobile node MAY optionally include an Encapsulating Delivery
Style Extension.
4.1.2. Receiving Registration Replies from the Foreign Agent
Possible valid responses are:
- A registration denial issued by either the home agent or the
foreign agent:
a. The mobile node follows the error checking guidelines in
[1], and depending on the reply code, MAY try modifying the
registration request (for example, by eliminating the
request for alternate forms of encapsulation or delivery
style), and issuing a new registration.
b. Depending on the reply code, the mobile node MAY try zeroing
the 'T' bit, eliminating the Encapsulating Delivery Style
Extension (if one was present), and issuing a new
registration. Notice that after doing so the registration
may succeed, but due to the lack of a reverse tunnel data
transfer may not be possible.
- The home agent returns a Registration Reply indicating that the
service will be provided.
In this last case, the mobile node has succeeded in establishing a
reverse tunnel between its care-of address and its home agent. If
the mobile node is operating with a co-located care-of address, it
MAY encapsulate outgoing data such that the destination address of
the outer header is the home agent. This ability to selectively
reverse-tunnel packets is discussed further in section 5.4.
If the care-of address belongs to a separate foreign agent, the
mobile node MUST employ whatever delivery style was requested (Direct
or Encapsulating) and proceed as specified in section 5.
A successful registration reply is an assurance that both the foreign
agent and the home agent support whatever alternate forms of
encapsulation (other than IP in IP) were requested. Accordingly, the
mobile node MAY use them at its discretion.
4.2. Foreign Agent Considerations
This section describes how the foreign agent handles registrations
that request a reverse tunnel.
4.2.1. Receiving Registration Requests from the Mobile Node
A foreign agent that receives a Registration Request with the 'T' bit
set processes the packet as specified in the Mobile IP specification
[1], and determines whether it can accommodate the forward tunnel
request. If it cannot, it returns an appropriate code. In
particular, if the foreign agent is unable to support the requested
form of encapsulation it MUST return code 72. If it cannot support
the requested form of delivery style it MUST return code 79 (delivery
style not supported).
The foreign agent MAY reject Registration Requests without the 'T'
bit set by denying them with code 75 (reverse tunnel is mandatory and
'T' bit not set).
The foreign agent MUST verify that the TTL field of the IP header is
set to 255. Otherwise, it MUST reject the registration with code 76
(mobile node too distant). The foreign agent MUST limit the rate at
which it sends these registration replies to a maximum of one per
second.
As a last check, the foreign agent verifies that it can support a
reverse tunnel with the same configuration. If it cannot, it MUST
return a Registration Reply denying the request with code 74
(requested reverse tunnel unavailable).
4.2.2. Relaying Registration Requests to the Home Agent
Otherwise, the foreign agent MUST relay the Registration Request to
the home agent.
Upon receipt of a Registration Reply that satisfies validity checks,
the foreign agent MUST update its visitor list, including indication
that this mobile node has been granted a reverse tunnel and the
delivery style expected (section 5).
While this visitor list entry is in effect, the foreign agent MUST
process incoming traffic according to the delivery style, encapsulate
it and tunnel it from the care-of address to the home agent's
address.
4.3. Home Agent Considerations
This section describes how the home agent handles registrations that
request a reverse tunnel.
4.3.1. Receiving Registration Requests from the Foreign Agent
A home agent that receives a Registration Request with the 'T' bit
set processes the packet as specified in the Mobile IP specification
[1] and determines whether it can accommodate the forward tunnel
request. If it cannot, it returns an appropriate code. In
particular, if the home agent is unable to support the requested form
of encapsulation it MUST return code 139 (requested encapsulation
unavailable).
The home agent MAY reject registration requests without the 'T' bit
set by denying them with code 138 (reverse tunnel is mandatory and '
T' bit not set).
As a last check, the home agent determines whether it can support a
reverse tunnel with the same configuration as the forward tunnel. If
it cannot, it MUST send back a registration denial with code 137
(requested reverse tunnel unavailable).
Upon receipt of a Registration Reply that satisfies validity checks,
the home agent MUST update its mobility bindings list to indicate
that this mobile node has been granted a reverse tunnel and the type
of encapsulation expected.
4.3.2. Sending Registration Replies to the Foreign Agent
In response to a valid Registration Request, a home agent MUST issue
a Registration Reply to the mobile node.
After a successful registration, the home agent may receive
encapsulated packets addressed to itself. Decapsulating such packets
and blindly injecting them into the network is a potential security
weakness (section 6.1). Accordingly, the home agent MUST implement,
and, by default, SHOULD enable the following check for encapsulated
packets addressed to itself:
The home agent searches for a mobility binding whose care-of
address is the source of the outer header, and whose mobile node
address is the source of the inner header.
If no such binding is found, or if the packet uses an encapsulation
mechanism that was not negotiated at registration the home agent MUST
silently discard the packet and SHOULD log the event as a security
exception.
Home agents that terminate tunnels unrelated to Mobile IP (for
example, multicast tunnels) MAY turn off the above check, but this
practice is discouraged for the aforementioned reasons.
While the registration is in effect, a home agent MUST process each
valid reverse tunneled packet (as determined by checks like the
above) by decapsulating it, recovering the original packet, and then
forwarding it on behalf of its sender (the mobile node) to the
destination address (the correspondent host).
5. Mobile Node to Foreign Agent Delivery Styles
This section specifies how the mobile node sends its data traffic via
the foreign agent. In all cases, the mobile node learns the foreign
agent's link-layer address from the link-layer header in the agent
advertisement.
5.1. Direct Delivery Style
This delivery mechanism is very simple to implement at the mobile
node, and uses small (non-encapsulated) packets on the link between
the mobile node and the foreign agent (potentially a very slow link).
However, it only supports reverse-tunneling of unicast packets, and
does not allow selective reverse tunneling (section 5.4).
5.1.1. Packet Processing
The mobile node MUST designate the foreign agent as its default
router. Not doing so will not guarantee encapsulation of all the
mobile node's outgoing traffic, and defeats the purpose of the
reverse tunnel. The foreign agent MUST:
- detect packets sent by the mobile node, and
- modify its forwarding function to encapsulate them before
forwarding.
5.1.2. Packet Header Format and Fields
This section shows the format of the packet headers used by the
Direct Delivery style. The formats shown assume IP in IP
encapsulation [2].
Packet format received by the foreign agent (Direct Delivery Style):
IP fields:
Source Address = mobile node's home address
Destination Address = correspondent host's address
Upper Layer Protocol
Packet format forwarded by the foreign agent (Direct Delivery Style):
IP fields (encapsulating header):
Source Address = foreign agent's care-of address
Destination Address = home agent's address
Protocol field: 4 (IP in IP)
IP fields (original header):
Source Address = mobile node's home address
Destination Address = correspondent host's address
Upper Layer Protocol
These fields of the encapsulating header MUST be chosen as follows:
IP Source Address
Copied from the Care-of Address field within the Registration
Request.
IP Destination Address
Copied from the Home Agent field within the most recent
successful Registration Reply.
IP Protocol Field
Default is 4 (IP in IP [2]), but other methods of encapsulation
MAY be used as negotiated at registration time.
5.2. Encapsulating Delivery Style
This mechanism requires that the mobile node implement encapsulation,
and explicitly directs packets at the foreign agent by designating it
as the destination address in a new outermost header. Mobile nodes
that wish to send either broadcast or multicast packets MUST use the
Encapsulating Delivery Style.
5.2.1 Packet Processing
The foreign agent does not modify its forwarding function. Rather,
it receives an encapsulated packet and after verifying that it was
sent by the mobile node, it:
- decapsulates to recover the inner packet,
- re-encapsulates, and sends it to the home agent.
If a foreign agent receives an un-encapsulated packet from a mobile
node which had explicitly requested the Encapsulated Delivery Style,
then the foreign agent MUST NOT reverse tunnel such a packet and
rather MUST forward it using standard, IP routing mechanisms.
5.2.2. Packet Header Format and Fields
This section shows the format of the packet headers used by the
Encapsulating Delivery style. The formats shown assume IP in IP
encapsulation [2].
Packet format received by the foreign agent (Encapsulating Delivery
Style):
IP fields (encapsulating header):
Source Address = mobile node's home address
Destination Address = foreign agent's address
Protocol field: 4 (IP in IP)
IP fields (original header):
Source Address = mobile node's home address
Destination Address = correspondent host's address
Upper Layer Protocol
The fields of the encapsulating IP header MUST be chosen as follows:
IP Source Address
The mobile node's home address.
IP Destination Address
The address of the agent as learned from the IP source address
of the agent's most recent successful registration reply.
IP Protocol Field
Default is 4 (IP in IP [2]), but other methods of encapsulation
MAY be used as negotiated at registration time.
Packet format forwarded by the foreign agent (Encapsulating Delivery
Style):
IP fields (encapsulating header):
Source Address = foreign agent's care-of address
Destination Address = home agent's address
Protocol field: 4 (IP in IP)
IP fields (original header):
Source Address = mobile node's home address
Destination Address = correspondent host's address
Upper Layer Protocol
These fields of the encapsulating IP header MUST be chosen as
follows:
IP Source Address
Copied from the Care-of Address field within the Registration
Request.
IP Destination Address
Copied from the Home Agent field within the most recent
successful Registration Reply.
IP Protocol Field
Default is 4 (IP in IP [2]), but other methods of encapsulation
MAY be used as negotiated at registration time.
5.3. Support for Broadcast and Multicast Datagrams
If a mobile node is operating with a co-located care-of address,
broadcast and multicast datagrams are handled according to Sections
4.3 and 4.4 of the Mobile IP specification [1]. Mobile nodes using a
foreign agent care-of address MAY have their broadcast and multicast
datagrams reverse-tunneled by the foreign agent. However, any mobile
nodes doing so MUST use the encapsulating delivery style.
This delivers the datagram only to the foreign agent. The latter
decapsulates it and then processes it as any other packet from the
mobile node, namely, by reverse tunneling it to the home agent.
5.4. Selective Reverse Tunneling
Packets destined to local resources (for example, a nearby printer)
might be unaffected by ingress filtering. A mobile node with a co-
located care-of address MAY optimize delivery of these packets by not
reverse tunneling them. On the other hand, a mobile node using a
foreign agent care-of address MAY use this selective reverse
tunneling capability by requesting the Encapsulating Delivery Style,
and following these guidelines:
Packets NOT meant to be reversed tunneled:
Sent using the Direct Delivery style. The foreign agent MUST
process these packets as regular traffic: they MAY be
forwarded but MUST NOT be reverse tunneled to the home agent.
Packets meant to be reverse tunneled:
Sent using the Encapsulating Delivery style. The foreign agent
MUST process these packets as specified in section 5.2: they
MUST be reverse tunneled to the home agent.
6. Security Considerations
The extensions outlined in this document are subject to the security
considerations outlined in the Mobile IP specification [1].
Essentially, creation of both forward and reverse tunnels involves an
authentication procedure, which reduces the risk for attack.
6.1. Reverse-tunnel Hijacking and Denial-of-Service Attacks
Once the tunnel is set up, a malicious node could hijack it to inject
packets into the network. Reverse tunnels might exacerbate this
problem, because upon reaching the tunnel exit point packets are
forwarded beyond the local network. This concern is also present in
the Mobile IP specification, as it already dictates the use of
reverse tunnels for certain applications.
Unauthenticated exchanges involving the foreign agent allow a
malicious node to pose as a valid mobile node and re-direct an
existing reverse tunnel to another home agent, perhaps another
malicious node. The best way to protect against these attacks is by
employing the Mobile-Foreign and Foreign-Home Authentication
Extensions defined in [1].
If the necessary mobility security associations are not available,
this document introduces a mechanism to reduce the range and
effectiveness of the attacks. The mobile node MUST set to 255 the
TTL value in the IP headers of Registration Requests sent to the
foreign agent. This prevents malicious nodes more than one hop away
from posing as valid mobile nodes. Additional codes for use in
registration denials make those attacks that do occur easier to
track.
With the goal of further reducing the attacks the Mobile IP Working
Group considered other mechanisms involving the use of
unauthenticated state. However, these introduce the possibilities of
denial-of-service attacks. The consensus was that this was too much
of a trade-off for mechanisms that guarantee no more than weak (non-
cryptographic) protection against attacks.
6.2. Ingress Filtering
There has been some concern regarding the long-term effectiveness of
reverse-tunneling in the presence of ingress filtering. The
conjecture is that network administrators will target reverse-
tunneled packets (IP in IP encapsulated packets) for filtering. The
ingress filtering recommendation spells out why this is not the case
[8]:
Tracking the source of an attack is simplified when the source is
more likely to be "valid."
6.3. Reverse Tunneling for Disparate Address Spaces
There are security implications involved with the foreign agent's
using link-layer information to select the proper reverse tunnel for
mobile node packets (section A.3). Unauthenticated link-layers allow
a malicious mobile node to misuse another's existing reverse tunnel,
and inject packets into the network.
For this solution to be viable, the link-layer MUST securely
authenticate traffic received by the foreign agent from the mobile
nodes. Unauthenticated link-layer technologies (for example shared
ethernet) are not recommended to implement disparate address support.
7. IANA Considerations
The Encapsulating Delivery Style extension defined in section 3.3 is
a Mobile IP registration extension as defined in [1]. IANA assigned
the value of 130 for this purpose at the time of the publication of
RFC2344.
The Code values defined in section 3.4 are error codes as defined in
[1]. They correspond to error values associated with rejection by
the home and foreign agents. At the time of the publication of RFC
2344, IANA assigned codes 74-76 for the foreign agent rejections and
codes 137-139 for the home agent rejections. The code for 'delivery
style not supported' has been assigned a value of 79 by the IANA for
this purpose.
8. Acknowledgements
The encapsulating style of delivery was proposed by Charlie Perkins.
Jim Solomon has been instrumental in shaping this document into its
present form. Thanks to Samita Chakrabarti for helpful comments on
disparate address space support, and for most of the text in section
A.4.
References
[1] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support", RFC2002, October 1996.
[2] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC2003, October
1996.
[3] Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), "IP Spoofing Attacks
and Hijacked Terminal Connections", CA-95:01, January 1995.
Available via anonymous FTP from info.cert.org in
/pub/cert_advisories.
[4] Perkins, C. and D. Johnson, "Route Optimization in Mobile IP",
Work in Progress.
[5] Manuel Rodriguez, private communication, August 1995.
[6] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC2402,
November 1998.
[7] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Payload", RFC2406,
November 1998.
[8] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating
Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address
Spoofing", RFC2267, January 1998.
[9] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC2119, March 1997.
[10] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D. and P. Traina,
"Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC2784, March 2000.
[11] Aboba, B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC
2486, January 1999.
[12] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.J. and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC
1918, February 1996.
[13] Dommety, G., "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE", RFC
2890, August 2000.
Editor and Chair Addresses
Questions about this document may be directed at:
Gabriel E. Montenegro
Sun Microsystems
Laboratories, Europe
29, chemin du Vieux Chene
38240 Meylan
FRANCE
Phone: +33 476 18 80 45
EMail: gab@sun.com
The working group can be contacted via the current chairs:
Basavaraj Patil
Nokia Networks
6000 Connection Drive
Irving, TX 75039
USA
Phone: +1 972-894-6709
Fax : +1 972-894-5349
EMail: Raj.Patil@nokia.com
Phil Roberts
Motorola
1501 West Shure Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004
USA
Phone: +1 847-632-3148
EMail: QA3445@email.mot.com
Appendix A: Disparate Address Space Support
Mobile IP [1] assumes that all the entities involved (mobile
node, foreign agent and home agent) have addresses within the
same globally routable address space. In many deployment
scenarios, when a mobile node leaves its home network it may
wander into a region where its home address is not routable or
known by the local routing fabric. Similarly, the IP addresses
of the foreign agent and the home agent may belong to disparate
address spaces, which precludes their exchanging registration
protocol messages directly. These issues are possible
particularly if the entities involved use addresses from the
ranges specified in RFC1918 [12] to support private networks.
Accurately speaking, the use of private addresses is not the
only cause. It may, in fact, be the most common, but the root of
the problem lies in the use of disparate address spaces. For
example, corporations often have several properly allocated
address ranges. They typically advertise reachability to only a
subset of those ranges, leaving the others for use exclusively
within the corporate network. Since these ranges are not
routable in the general Internet, their use leads to the same
problems encountered with "private" addresses, even though they
are not taken from the ranges specified in RFC1918.
Even if the mobile node, home agent and foreign agent all reside
within the same address space, problems may arise if the
correspondent node does not. However, this problem is not
specific to Mobile IP, and is beyond the scope of this
document. The next section limits even further the scope of the
issues relevant to this document. A subsequent section explains
how reverse tunneling may be used to tackle them.
A.1. Scope of the Reverse Tunneling Solution
Reverse tunneling (as defined in this document) may be used to
cope with disparate address spaces, within the following
constraints:
- There are no provisions to solve the case in which the
correspondent node and the mobile node are in disparate
address spaces. This limits the scope of the problem to
only those issues specific to Mobile IP.
- The foreign agent and the home agent are directly reachable
to each other by virtue of residing in the same address
space. This limits the scope of the problem to only the
simplest of cases. This also implies that the registration
protocol itself has a direct path between the foreign
agent and the home agent, and, in this respect, is not
affected by disparate address spaces. This restriction
also applies to mobile nodes operating with a co-located
care-of address. In this case, reverse tunneling is a
complete and elegant solution.
- There are no additional protocol elements beyond those
defined by Mobile IP [1] and reverse tunneling. In
particular, additional extensions to the registration
requests or replies, or additional bits in the
header--although potentially useful--are outside the scope
of this document.
In spite of the limitations, reverse tunneling may be used to
solve the most common issues. The range of problems that can be
solved are best understood by looking at some simple diagrams:
Figure A1: NON-ROUTABLE PACKETS IN DISPARATE ADDRESS SPACES
Mc Fa Fb Hb Hc Yc
[MN]-----------------[FA]----------------[HA]---------------[Y]
Addr space A Addr space B Addr space C
In this diagram, there are three disparate address spaces: A, B and
C. The home agent (HA) has one address each on address spaces B and
C, and the foreign agent (FA), on address spaces A and B. The mobile
node's (MN) has a permanent address, Mc, within address space C.
In the most common scenario both A and C are "private" address
spaces, and B is the public Internet.
Suppose MN sends a packet to correspondent node (Y) in its home
network. Presumably, MN has no difficulties delivering this packet
to the FA, because it does so using layer 2 mechanisms. Somehow, the
FA must realize that this packet must be reverse tunneled, and it
must fetch the proper binding to do so. Possible mechanisms are
outlined in section A.3.
However, once the packet is in address space B it becomes non-
routable. Note that ingress filtering only exacerbates the problem,
because it adds a requirement of topological significance to the
source IP address in addition to the that of the destination address.
As Mobile IP matures, others entities may be defined (for example,
AAA servers). Their addition places even more requirements on the
address spaces in use.
Reverse tunneling adds a topologically significant IP header to the
packet (source IP address of Fb, destination of Hb) during its
transit within address space B. Assuming IP in IP encapsulation
(although others, like GRE are also possible), this is what the
packet looks like:
Figure A2: IP IN IP REVERSE TUNNELED PACKET FROM FA TO HA
+-----------------+
+-------+
Fb->Hb Mc->Yc
+-------+
+--------+--------+
HA receives this packet, recovers the original packet, and since it
is cognizant of address space C, delivers it to the appropriate
interface.
Of course, for this to happen, the care-of address registered by the
MN is not the usual Fa, but Fb. How this happens is outside the
scope of this document. Some possible mechanisms are:
- FA recognizes mobile nodes whose addresses fall within the
private address ranges specified by RFC1918. In this case, the
foreign agent could force the use of Fb as the care-of address,
perhaps by rejecting the initial registration request with an
appropriate error message and supplemental information.
- FA could be configured to always advertise Fb as long as H->Fb
and Fb->H are guaranteed to be valid forward and reverse
tunnels, respectively, for all values of H. Here, H is the
address of any home agent whose mobile nodes may register via
FA.
- FA could indicate that it supports disparate address spaces via
a currently undefined 'P' bit in its advertisements, and an
indication of the relevant address space for any or all of its
care-of addressed by including an NAI [11] or a realm indicator
(perhaps a variant of the NAI). Alternatively, mobile nodes so
configured could solicit the NAI or realm indicator information
in response to advertisements with the 'P' bit set.
Additionally, the mobile node needs to supply the appropriate address
for its home agent: Hb instead of the usual Hc. How this happens is
outside the scope of this document. Some possible mechanisms are:
- This determination could be triggered in response to using the
foreign agent's Fb as the care-of address.
- The mobile node could always use Hb as its home agent address,
specially (1) if Hb is routable within address space C, or (2)
if MN is certain never to be at home (in some configurations,
the mobile nodes are always roaming).
- The mobile node could be configured with different home agent
addresses and their corresponding address space (perhaps
indicated via an NAI [11] or a variant of it).
Another major issue introduced by private addresses is that of two or
more mobile nodes with the same numeric IP address:
Figure A3: MOBILE NODES WITH CONFLICTING ADDRESSES
Mc=M H1b H1c
[MN1]-------+ +----[HA1]----+---------
Address
space C
Address Address +----------
Space Fa-[FA]-Fb Space
A B +---------
Address
space D
[MN2]-------+ +----[HA2]----+---------
Md=M H2b H2d
Suppose there are two address spaces A and B, and a foreign agent
(FA) with interfaces on both. There are two home agents (HA1 and
HA2) in address space B, with addresses H1b and H2b, respectively.
Each of the home agents has an interface in a private address space
in addition to address space B: HA1 has H1c on C, and HA2 has H2d on
D. MN1 and MN2 are two mobile nodes with home addresses Mc and Md,
corresponding to address space C and D, respectively.
If Mc and Md are private addresses as defined in RFC1918, they may be
numerically equivalent (both equal to M). Because of this, the
foreign agent can no longer rely on only the mobile node's home
address to disambiguate amongst its different bindings.
A.2. Terminating Forward Tunnels at the Foreign Agent
In figure A1, suppose the correspondent node Y sends a packet to the
mobile node at address Mc. The packet is intercepted by the home
agent at Hc and tunneled towards the mobile node via address Fb.
Once the packet reaches FA (via address Fb), the foreign agent must
identify which of its registered mobile nodes is the ultimate
destination for the internal packet. In order to do so, it needs to
identify the proper binding via a tuple guaranteed to be unique among
all of its mobile nodes.
The unique tuple sufficient for demultiplexing IP in IP packets
[IPIP] (protocol 4) is:
- destination IP address of the encapsulated (internal) header
This is mobile node MN's home address (Mc in the above
example). At first glance, it seems like this is unique among
all mobile nodes, but as mentioned above, with private
addresses another mobile may have an address Md numerically
equivalent to Mc.
- source IP address of the external header
This, the remote end of the tunnel, is Hb in the above example.
- destination IP address of the external header
This, the local end of the tunnel, is Fb in the above example.
The three values above are learned from a successful registration and
are the mobile node's home address, the home agent's address and the
care-of address. Thus, it is possible to identify the right binding.
Once FA identifies the ultimate destination of the packet, Mc, it
delivers the internal packet using link layer mechanisms.
GRE packets [10] (protocol 47) are only handled if their Protocol
Type field has a value of 0x800 (other values are outside the scope
of this document), and are demultiplexed based on the same tuple as
IP in IP packets. In GRE terminology, the tuple is:
- destination IP address of the payload (internal) packet
- source IP address of the delivery (external) packet
- destination IP address of the delivery (external) packet
Notice that the Routing, Sequence Number, Strict Source Route and Key
fields have been deprecated from GRE [10]. However, a separate
document specifies their use [13].
The above tuples work for IP-in-IP or GRE encapsulation, and assume
that the inner packet is in the clear. Encapsulations which encrypt
the inner packet header are outside the scope of this document.
A.3. Initiating Reverse Tunnels at the Foreign Agent
In figure A3, suppose mobile node M1 sends a packet to a
correspondent node in its home address space, C, and mobile node M2
sends a packet to a correspondent node in its home address space, D.
At FA, the source addresses for both packets will be seen as M, thus
this is not sufficient information. The unique tuple required to
identify the proper binding is:
- link-layer information related to the MN
This may be in the form of a MAC address, a PPP session (or
incoming interface) or channel coding for a digital cellular
service. Device ID's can also be used in this context.
- source IP address of the IP header.
As was pointed out, this by itself is not guaranteed to be
unique.
This information must be established and recorded at registration
time. The above items are sufficient for the foreign agent to select
the proper binding to use. This, in turn, produces the address of
the home agent, and the reverse tunneling options negotiated during
the registration process. The foreign agent can now proceed with
reverse tunneling.
A.4. Limited Private Address Scenario
The Limited Private Address Scenario (LPAS) has received much
attention from the cellular wireless industry, so it is useful to
define it and to clarify what its requirements are.
LPAS is a subset of the disparate address space scenario discussed in
this appendix. This section explains how LPAS could be deployed
given the current state of the Mobile IP specifications.
Figure A4: EXAMPLE PRIVATE ADDRESS SCENARIO
10.10.1.2
+----+ IF1=COA1+-------+ HAA2 +-----+
MN1------------------------ FA --------- HA2
+----+ +------------ +-----+
IF2=COA2+-------+
+---+
+-----+
MN2
+-----+
10.10.1.2
HAA1
+------+
HA1
+------+
The above figure presents a very simple scenario in which private
addresses are used. Here, "private addresses" are strictly those
defined in RFC1918 [12]. In this deployment scenario, the only
entities that have private addresses are the mobile nodes. Foreign
agent and home agent addresses are publicly routable on the general
Internet. More specifically, the care-of addresses advertised by the
foreign agents (COA1 and COA2 in Figure A4) and the home agent
addresses used by mobile nodes in registration requests (HAA1 and
HAA2 in Figure A4) are publicly routable on the general Internet. As
a consequence, any Mobile IP tunnels can be established between any
home agent home address and any foreign agent care-of address.
Also, note that two different mobile nodes (MN1 and MN2) with the
same private address (10.10.1.2) are visiting the same foreign agent
FA. This is supported as long as MN1 and MN2 are serviced by
different home agents. Hence, from any given home agent's
perspective, each mobile node has a unique IP address, even if it
happens to be a private address as per RFC1918.
Operation in the presence of route optimization [4] is outside the
scope of this document.
Requirements for the above private address scenario:
Mobile node requirements:
Mobile nodes intending to use private addresses with Mobile IP
MUST set the 'T' bit and employ reverse tunneling. Mobile
node's private addresses within a given address space MUST be
unique. Thus two mobile nodes belonging to a single home agent
cannot have the same private addresses. Thus, when receiving
or sending tunneled traffic for a mobile node, the tunnel
endpoints are used to disambiguate amongst conflicting mobile
node addresses.
If the mobile node happens to register with multiple home
agents simultaneously through the same foreign agent, there
must be some link-layer information that is distinct for each
mobile node. If no such distinct link-layer information is
available, the mobile nodes MUST use unique address.
Foreign agent requirements:
All advertising interfaces of the foreign agent MUST have
publicly routable care-of address. Thus, a mobile node with a
private address visits the foreign agent only in its publicly
routable network.
Foreign agents MUST support reverse tunneling in order to
support private addressed mobile nodes. If a foreign agent
receives a registration request from a mobile node with a
private address, and the mobile node has not set the 'T' bit,
the foreign agent SHOULD reject it.
When delivering packets to or receiving packets from mobile
nodes, foreign agents MUST disambiguate among mobile node with
conflicting private addresses by using link-layer information
as mentioned previously (Appendix section A.2 and A.3). A
foreign agent in absence of route optimization, should make
sure that two mobile nodes visiting the same foreign agent
corresponds with each other through their respective home
agents.
If a foreign agent supports reverse tunneling, then it MUST
support the simple scenario of private address support
described in this section.
Home agent requirements:
Any home agent address used by mobile nodes in registration
request MUST be a publicly routable address. Home agents will
not support overlapping private home addresses, thus each
private home address of a mobile node registered with a home
agent is unique. When the 'T' bit is set in the registration
request from the mobile node, the home agent MUST recognize and
accept registration request from mobile nodes with private
addresses. Also, the home agent SHOULD be able to assign
private addresses out of its address pool to mobile nodes for
use as home addresses. This does not contravene home agent
processing in section 3.8 of [1].
Appendix B: Changes from RFC2344
This section lists the changes with respect to the previous version
of this document (RFC2344).
- Added Appendix A on support for Disparate Addresses spaces and
private addresses.
- Added the corresponding section (6.3) under 'Security
Considerations'.
- Made Encapsulating Delivery Support optional by demoting from
a MUST to a should. This also required defining a new error
code 79 (assigned by IANA).
- Mentioned the possibility of an admissible authentication
extension which may be different from the Mobile-Home
authentication extension.
- An IANA considerations section was added.
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