Network Working Group P. Murphy
Request for Comments: 3101 US Geological Survey
Obsoletes: 1587 January 2003
Category: Standards Track
The OSPF Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) Option
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo documents an optional type of Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) area that is somewhat humorously referred to as a "not-so-
stubby" area (or NSSA). NSSAs are similar to the existing OSPF stub
area configuration option but have the additional capability of
importing AS external routes in a limited fashion.
The OSPF NSSA Option was originally defined in RFC1587. The
functional differences between this memo and RFC1587 are eXPlained
in Appendix F. All differences, while expanding capability, are
backward-compatible in nature. Implementations of this memo and of
RFC1587 will interoperate.
Table Of Contents
1.0 Overview ................................................. 2
1.1 Motivation - Transit Networks ......................... 2
1.2 Motivation - Corporate Networks ....................... 4
1.3 Proposed Solution ..................................... 5
2.0 NSSA Intra-Area Implementation Details ................... 7
2.1 The N-bit ............................................. 7
2.2 Type-7 Address Ranges ................................. 7
2.3 Type-7 LSAs ........................................... 8
2.4 Originating Type-7 LSAs ............................... 9
2.5 Calculating Type-7 AS External Routes ................. 10
2.6 Incremental Updates ................................... 14
2.7 Optionally Importing Summary Routes ................... 14
3.0 Intra-AS Implementation Details .......................... 15
3.1 Type-7 Translator Election ............................ 15
3.2 Translating Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs .............. 16
3.3 Flushing Translated Type-7 LSAs ....................... 19
4.0 Security Considerations .................................. 20
5.0 Acknowledgements ......................................... 21
6.0 Contributors ............................................. 22
7.0 References ............................................... 22
Appendix A: The Options Field ................................ 23
Appendix B: Router-LSAs ...................................... 24
Appendix C: Type-7 LSA Packet Format ......................... 26
Appendix D: Configuration Parameters ......................... 27
Appendix E: The P-bit Policy Paradox ......................... 28
Appendix F: Differences from RFC1587 ........................ 30
Author's Addresses ........................................... 32
Full Copyright Statement ..................................... 33
1.0 Overview
1.1 Motivation - Transit Networks
Wide-area transit networks often have connections to moderately
complex "leaf" sites. A leaf site may have multiple IP network
numbers assigned to it. Typically, one of the leaf site's networks
is directly connected to a router provided and administered by the
transit network while the others are distributed throughout and
administered by the site. From the transit network's perspective,
all of the network numbers associated with the site make up a single
"stub" entity. For example, BBN Planet has one site composed of a
class-B network, 130.57.0.0, and a class-C network, 192.31.114.0.
From BBN Planet's perspective, this configuration looks something
like the diagram on the next page, where the "cloud" consists of the
subnets of 130.57 and network 192.31.114, all of which are learned by
RIP on router BR18.
192.31.114
(cloud)
-------------- 130.57.4
------ 131.119.13 ------
BR18------------BR10
------ ------
V
to BBN Planet "core" OSPF system
Topologically, this cloud looks very mUCh like an OSPF stub area.
The advantages of running the cloud as an OSPF stub area are:
1. External routes learned from OSPF's Type-5 AS-external-LSAs are
not advertised beyond the router labeled "BR10". This is
advantageous because the link between BR10 and BR18 may be a
low-speed link or the router BR18 may have limited resources.
2. The transit network is abstracted to the "leaf" router BR18 by
advertising only a default route across the link between BR10
and BR18.
3. The cloud becomes a single, manageable "leaf" with respect to
the transit network.
4. The cloud can become, logically, a part of the transit
network's OSPF routing system.
However, the original definition of the OSPF protocol (See [OSPF])
imposes topological limitations that restrict simple cloud topologies
from becoming OSPF stub areas. In particular, it is illegal for a
stub area to import routes external to OSPF; thus it is not possible
for routers BR18 and BR10 to both be members of the stub area and to
import into OSPF as Type-5 AS-external-LSAs routes learned from RIP
or other IP routing protocols. In order to run OSPF out to BR18,
BR18 must be a member of a non-stub area or the OSPF backbone before
it can import routes other than its directly connected network(s).
Since it is not acceptable for BR18 to maintain all of BBN Planet's
Type-5 AS external routes, BBN Planet is forced by OSPF's topological
limitations to only run OSPF out to BR10 and to run RIP between BR18
and BR10.
1.2 Motivation - Corporate Networks
In a corporate network that supports a large corporate infrastructure
it is not uncommon for its OSPF domain to have a complex non-zero
area infrastructure that injects large routing tables into its Area 0
backbone. Organizations within the corporate infrastructure may
routinely multi-home their non-zero OSPF areas to strategically
located Area 0 backbone routers, either to provide backbone
redundancy or to increase backbone connectivity or both. Because of
these large routing tables, OSPF aggregation via summarization is
routinely used and recommended. Stub areas are also recommended to
keep the size of the routing tables of non-backbone routers small.
Organizations within the corporation are administratively autonomous
and compete for corporate backbone resources. They also want
isolation from each other in order to protect their own network
resources within the organization.
Consider the typical example configuration shown below where routers
A1, B1 and A2, B2 are connected to Area 1 and Area 2 respectively,
and where routers A0 and B0 are Area 0 border routers that connect to
both Area 1 and Area 2. Assume the 192.168.192/20 and 192.168.208/22
clouds are subnetted with a protocol different from the corporate
OSPF instance. These other protocols could be RIP, IGRP, or second
and third OSPF instances separate from the corporate OSPF backbone
instance.
Area 1 and Area 2 would like to be stub areas to minimize the size of
their link state databases. It is also desirable to originate two
aggregated external advertisements for the subnets of 192.168.192/20
and 192.168.208/22 in such a way that the preferred path to
192.168.192/20 is through A0 and the preferred path to 192.168.208/22
is through B0.
+---A0------Area 0 cloud------B0---+
T1 56kbs
56kbs T1
Area 1 cloud
A1-----192.168.192/20-----B1
+---A2 B2---+
Area 2 cloud
+-----192.168.208/22------+
The current standard OSPF stub area has no mechanism to support the
redistribution of routes for the subnets of 192.168.192/20 and
192.168.208/22 within a stub area or the ability to aggregate a range
of external routes in any OSPF area. Any solution to this dilemma
must also honor Area 1's path of choice to 192.168.192/20 through A0
with redundancy through B0 while at the same time honoring Area 2's
path of choice to 192.168.208/20 through B0 with redundancy through
A0.
1.3 Proposed Solution
This document describes a new optional type of OSPF area, somewhat
humorously referred to as a "not-so-stubby" area (or NSSA), which has
the capability of importing external routes in a limited fashion.
The OSPF specification defines two general classes of area
configuration. The first allows Type-5 LSAs to be flooded throughout
the area. In this configuration, Type-5 LSAs may be originated by
routers internal to the area or flooded into the area by area border
routers. These areas, referred to herein as Type-5 capable areas (or
just plain areas in the OSPF specification), are distinguished by the
fact that they can carry transit traffic. The backbone is always a
Type-5 capable area. The second type of area configuration, called
stub, does not allow Type-5 LSAs to be propagated into/throughout the
area and instead depends on default routing to external destinations.
NSSAs are defined in much the same manner as existing stub areas. To
support NSSAs, a new option bit (the "N" bit) and a new type of LSA
(Type-7) are defined. The "N" bit ensures that routers belonging to
an NSSA agree on its configuration. Similar to the stub area's use
of the "E" bit, both NSSA neighbors must agree on the setting of the
"N" bit or the OSPF neighbor adjacency will not form.
Type-7 LSAs provide for carrying external route information within an
NSSA. Type-7 LSAs have virtually the same syntax as Type-5 LSAs with
the obvious exception of the link-state type. (See section 2.3 for
more details.) Both LSAs are considered a type of OSPF AS-
external-LSA. There are two major semantic differences between
Type-5 LSAs and Type-7 LSAs.
o Type-7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an
NSSA; as with stub areas, Type-5 LSAs are not flooded into
NSSAs and do not originate there.
o Type-7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA; they are
not flooded into the backbone area or any other area by border
routers, though the information that they contain may be
propagated into the backbone area. (See Section 3.2.)
In order to allow limited exchange of external information across an
NSSA border, NSSA border routers will translate selected Type-7 LSAs
received from the NSSA into Type-5 LSAs. These Type-5 LSAs will be
flooded to all Type-5 capable areas. NSSA border routers may be
configured with address ranges so that multiple Type-7 LSAs may be
aggregated into a single Type-5 LSA. The NSSA border routers that
perform translation are configurable. In the absence of a configured
translator one is elected.
In addition, an NSSA border router should originate a default LSA (IP
network is 0.0.0.0/0) into the NSSA. Default routes are necessary
because NSSAs do not receive full routing information and must have a
default route in order to route to AS-external destinations. Like
stub areas, NSSAs may be connected to the Area 0 backbone at more
than one NSSA border router, but may not be used as a transit area.
Note that a Type-7 default LSA originated by an NSSA border router is
never translated into a Type-5 LSA, however, a Type-7 default LSA
originated by an NSSA internal AS boundary router (one that is not an
NSSA border router) may be translated into a Type-5 LSA.
Like stub areas, NSSA border routers optionally import summary routes
into their NSSAs as Type-3 summary-LSAs. If the import is disabled,
particular care should be taken to ensure that summary routing is not
obscured by an NSSA's Type-7 AS-external-LSAs. This may happen when
the AS's other IGPs, like RIP and ISIS, leak routing information into
the NSSA. In these cases all summary routes should be imported into
the NSSA. The recommended default behavior is to import summary
routes into NSSAs. Since Type-5 AS-external-LSAs are not flooded
into NSSAs, NSSA border routers should not originate Type-4 summary-
LSAs into their NSSAs. Also an NSSA's border routers never originate
Type-4 summary-LSAs for the NSSA's AS boundary routers, since Type-7
AS-external-LSAs are never flooded beyond the NSSA's border.
When summary routes are not imported into an NSSA, the default LSA
originated into it by its border routers must be a Type-3 summary-
LSA. This default summary-LSA insures intra-AS connectivity to the
rest of the OSPF domain, as its default summary route is preferred
over the default route of a Type-7 default LSA. Without a default
summary route the OSPF domain's inter-area traffic, which is normally
forwarded by summary routes, might exit the AS via the default route
of a Type-7 default LSA originated by an NSSA internal router. The
Type-7 default LSAs originated by NSSA internal routers and the no-
summary option are mutually exclusive features. When summary routes
are imported into the NSSA, the default LSA originated by a NSSA
border router into the NSSA should be a Type-7 LSA.
In our transit topology example the subnets of 130.57 and network
192.31.114 will still be learned by RIP on router BR18, but now both
BR10 and BR18 can be in an NSSA and all of BBN Planet's external
routes are hidden from BR18; BR10 becomes an NSSA border router and
BR18 becomes an AS boundary router internal to the NSSA. BR18 will
import the subnets of 130.57 and network 192.31.114 as Type-7 LSAs
into the NSSA. BR10 then translates these routes into Type-5 LSAs
and floods them into BBN Planet's backbone.
In our corporate topology example if Area 1 and Area 2 are NSSAs the
external paths to the subnets of the address ranges 192.168.192/20
and 192.168.208/22 can be redistributed as Type-7 LSAs throughout
Area 1 and Area 2 respectively, and then aggregated during the
translation process into separate Type-5 LSAs that are flooded into
Area 0. A0 may be configured as Area 1's translator even though B0
is the translator of Area 2.
2.0 NSSA Intra-Area Implementation Details
2.1 The N-bit
The N-bit ensures that all members of an NSSA agree on the area's
configuration. Together, the N-bit and E-bit reflect an interface's
(and consequently the interface's associated area) external LSA
flooding capability. As explained in [OSPF] Section 10.5, if Type-5
LSAs are not flooded into/throughout the area, the E-bit must be
clear in the option field of the received Hello packets. Interfaces
associated with an NSSA will not send or receive Type-5 LSAs on that
interface but may send and receive Type-7 LSAs. Therefore, if the
N-bit is set in the options field, the E-bit must be clear.
To support the NSSA option an additional check must be made in the
function that handles the receiving of the Hello packet to verify
that both the N-bit and the E-bit found in the Hello packet's option
field match the area type and ExternalRoutingCapability of the area
of the receiving interface. A mismatch in the options causes
processing of the received Hello packet to stop and the packet to be
dropped.
2.2 Type-7 Address Ranges
NSSA border routers may be configured with Type-7 address ranges.
Each Type-7 address range is defined as an [address,mask] pair. Many
separate Type-7 networks may fall into a single Type-7 address range,
just as a subnetted network is composed of many separate subnets.
NSSA border routers may aggregate Type-7 routes by advertising a
single Type-5 LSA for each Type-7 address range. The Type-5 LSA
resulting from a Type-7 address range match will be distributed to
all Type-5 capable areas. Section 3.2 details how Type-5 LSAs are
generated from Type-7 address ranges.
A Type-7 address range includes the following configurable items.
o An [address,mask] pair.
o A status indication of either Advertise or DoNotAdvertise.
o An external route tag.
2.3 Type-7 LSAs
External routes are imported into NSSAs as Type-7 LSAs by NSSA AS
boundary routers. An NSSA AS boundary router (ASBR) is a router that
has an interface associated with the NSSA and is exchanging routing
information with routers belonging to another AS. Like OSPF ASBRs,
an NSSA router indicates it is an NSSA ASBR by setting the E-bit in
its router-LSA. As with Type-5 LSAs a separate Type-7 LSA is
originated for each destination network. To support NSSAs the link-
state database must therefore be expanded to contain Type-7 LSAs.
Type-7 LSAs are identical to Type-5 LSAs except for the following
(see [OSPF] Section 12.4.4, "AS external links").
1. The Type field in the LSA header is 7.
2. Type-7 LSAs are only flooded within the originating NSSA. The
flooding of Type-7 LSAs follows the same rules as the flooding
of Type-1 and Type-2 LSAs.
3. Type-7 LSAs are only listed within the OSPF area data
structures of their respective NSSAs, making them area
specific. Type-5 LSAs, which are flooded to all Type-5 capable
areas, have global scope and are listed in the OSPF protocol
data structure.
4. NSSA border routers select which Type-7 LSAs are translated
into Type-5 LSAs and flooded into the OSPF domain's transit
topology.
5. Type-7 LSAs have a propagate (P) bit that, when set, tells an
NSSA border router to translate a Type-7 LSA into a Type-5 LSA.
6. Those Type-7 LSAs that are to be translated into Type-5 LSAs
must have their forwarding address set.
Type-5 LSAs that are translations of Type-7 LSAs copy the Type-7
LSAs' non-zero forwarding addresses. Only those Type-5 LSAs that are
aggregations of Type-7 LSAs may have 0.0.0.0 as a forwarding address.
(See Section 3.2 for details.) Non-zero forwarding addresses produce
efficient inter-area routing to an NSSA's AS external destinations
when it has multiple border routers. Also the non-zero forwarding
addresses of Type-7 LSAs ease the process of their translation into
Type-5 LSAs, as NSSA border routers are not required to compute them.
Normally the next hop address of an installed AS external route
learned by an NSSA ASBR from an adjacent AS points at one of the
adjacent AS's gateway routers. If this address belongs to a network
connected to the NSSA ASBR via one of its NSSAs' active interfaces,
then the NSSA ASBR copies this next hop address into the forwarding
address field of the route's Type-7 LSA that is originated into this
NSSA, as is currently done with Type-5 LSAs. (See [OSPF] Section
12.4.4.1.) For an NSSA with no such network the forwarding address
field may only be filled with an address from one of the its active
interfaces or 0.0.0.0. If the P-bit is set, the forwarding address
must be non-zero; otherwise it may be 0.0.0.0. If an NSSA requires
the P-bit be set and a non-zero forwarding address is unavailable,
then the route's Type-7 LSA is not originated into this NSSA.
When a router is forced to pick a forwarding address for a Type-7
LSA, preference should be given first to the router's internal
addresses (provided internal addressing is supported). If internal
addresses are not available, preference should be given to the
router's active OSPF stub network addresses. These choices avoid the
possible extra hop that may happen when a transit network's address
is used. When the interface whose IP address is the LSA's forwarding
address transitions to a Down state (see [OSPF] Section 9.3), the
router must select a new forwarding address for the LSA and then re-
originate it. If one is not available the LSA should be flushed.
The metrics and path types of Type-5 LSAs are directly comparable
with the metrics and path types of Type-7 LSAs.
2.4 Originating Type-7 LSAs
NSSA AS boundary routers may only originate Type-7 LSAs into NSSAs.
An NSSA internal AS boundary router must set the P-bit in the LSA
header's option field of any Type-7 LSA whose network it wants
advertised into the OSPF domain's full transit topology. The LSAs of
these networks must have a valid non-zero forwarding address. If the
P-bit is clear the LSA is not translated into a Type-5 LSA by NSSA
border routers.
When an NSSA border router originates both a Type-5 LSA and a Type-7
LSA for the same network, then the P-bit must be clear in the Type-7
LSA so that it isn't translated into a Type-5 LSA by another NSSA
border router. If the border router only originates a Type-7 LSA, it
may set the P-bit so that the network may be aggregated/propagated
during Type-7 translation. If an NSSA's border router originates a
Type-5 LSA with a forwarding address from the NSSA, it should also
originate a Type-7 LSA into the NSSA. If two NSSA routers, both
reachable from one another over the NSSA, originate functionally
equivalent Type-7 LSAs (i.e., same destination, cost and non-zero
forwarding address), then the router having the least preferred LSA
should flush its LSA. (See [OSPF] Section 12.4.4.1.) Preference
between two Type-7 LSAs is determined by the following tie breaker
rules:
1. An LSA with the P-bit set is preferred over one with the P-bit
clear.
2. If the P-bit settings are the same, the LSA with the higher
router ID is preferred.
A Type-7 default LSA for the network 0.0.0.0/0 may be originated into
the NSSA by any NSSA router. The Type-7 default LSA originated by an
NSSA border router must have the P-bit clear. An NSSA ASBR that is
not an NSSA border router may originate a Type-7 default LSA with the
P-bit set. A Type-7 default LSA may be installed by NSSA border
routers if and only if its P-bit is set. (See Appendix E.)
NSSA border routers must originate an LSA for the default destination
into all their directly attached NSSAs in order to support intra-AS
routing and inter-AS routing. This default destination is advertised
in either a Type-3 LSA or a Type-7 LSA, as described in Section 2.7.
The default LSA's metric should be configurable. For Type-7 default
LSAs, the metric type (1 or 2) should also be configurable.
2.5 Calculating Type-7 AS External Routes
This calculation must be run when Type-7 LSAs are processed during
the AS external route calculation. This calculation may process
Type-5 LSAs, but it is written that way only for comparison sake.
Non-default Type-7 LSAs with the P-bit clear may be installed in the
OSPF routing table of NSSA border routers. Since these LSAs are not
propagated throughout the OSPF domain, traffic that originates
external to an NSSA and that passes through one of the NSSA's border
routers may be unexpectedly diverted into the NSSA. (See Appendix
E.)
An NSSA border router should examine both Type-5 LSAs and Type-7 LSAs
if either Type-5 or Type-7 routes need to be updated or recalculated.
This is done as part of the AS external route calculation. An NSSA
internal router should examine Type-7 LSAs when Type-7 routes need to
be recalculated.
What follows is only a modest modification of [OSPF] Section 16.4.
Original paragraphs are tagged with [OSPF]. Paragraphs with minor
changes are tagged with ~[OSPF]. Paragraphs specific to NSSA are
tagged with [NSSA].
AS external routes are calculated by examining AS-external-LSAs, be
they Type-5 or Type-7. Each of the AS-external-LSAs is considered in
turn. Most AS-external-LSAs describe routes to specific IP
destinations. An AS-external-LSA can also describe a default route
for the Autonomous System (Destination ID = DefaultDestination,
network/subnet mask = 0x00000000). For each AS-external-LSA:
~[OSPF]
(1) If the metric specified by the LSA is LSInfinity, or if the
age of the LSA equals MaxAge, then examine the next LSA.
[OSPF]
(2) If the LSA was originated by the calculating router itself,
examine the next LSA.
[OSPF]
(3) Call the destination described by the LSA N. N's address is
oBTained by maSKINg the LSA's Link State ID with the
network/subnet mask contained in the body of the LSA. Look up
the routing table entries that match the LSA's type for the AS
boundary router (ASBR) that originated the LSA. For a Type-5
LSA, routing table entries may only be selected from each
attached Type-5 capable area. Since the flooding scope of a
Type-7 LSA is restricted to the originating NSSA, the routing
table entry of its ASBR must be found in the originating NSSA.
If no entries exist for the ASBR (i.e. the ASBR is unreachable
over the transit topology for a Type-5 LSA, or, for a Type-7
LSA, it is unreachable over the LSA's originating NSSA), do
nothing with this LSA and consider the next in the list.
[NSSA]
Else if the destination is a Type-7 default route (destination
ID = DefaultDestination) and one of the following is true,
then do nothing with this LSA and consider the next in the
list:
o The calculating router is a border router and the LSA has
its P-bit clear. Appendix E describes a technique
whereby an NSSA border router installs a Type-7 default
LSA without propagating it.
o The calculating router is a border router and is
suppressing the import of summary routes as Type-3
summary-LSAs.
[NSSA]
Else, this LSA describes an AS external path to destination N.
Examine the forwarding address specified in the AS-external-
LSA. This indicates the IP address to which packets for the
destination should be forwarded.
[OSPF]
If the forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0 then packets
should be sent to the ASBR itself. If the LSA is Type-5, from
among the multiple non-NSSA routing table entries for the ASBR
(both NSSA and non-NSSA ASBR entries might exists on an NSSA
border router), select the preferred entry as follows:
~[OSPF]
If RFC1583Compatibility is set to "disabled", prune the set
of routing table entries for the ASBR as described in OSPF
Section 16.4.1. In any case, among the remaining routing
table entries, select the routing table entry with the least
cost; when there are multiple least cost routing table
entries the entry whose associated area has the largest OSPF
Area ID (when considered as an unsigned 32-bit integer) is
chosen.
[OSPF]
Since a Type-7 LSA only has area-wide flooding scope, when its
forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0, its ASBR's routing table
entry must be chosen from the originating NSSA. Here no
pruning is necessary since this entry always contains non-
backbone intra-area paths.
[NSSA]
If the forwarding address is non-zero look up the forwarding
address in the routing table. For a Type-5 LSA the matching
routing table entry must specify an intra-area or inter-area
path through a Type-5 capable area. For a Type-7 LSA the
matching routing table entry must specify an intra-area path
through the LSA's originating NSSA. If no such path exists
then do nothing with this LSA and consider the next in the
list.
[NSSA]
(4) Let X be the cost specified by the preferred routing table
entry for the ASBR/forwarding address, and Y the cost
specified in the LSA. X is in terms of the link state metric,
and Y is a type 1 or 2 external metric.
[OSPF]
(5) Now, look up the routing table entry for the destination N.
If no entry exists for N, install the AS external path to N,
with the next hop equal to the list of next hops to the
ASBR/forwarding address, and advertising router equal to the
ASBR. If the external metric type is 1, then the path-type is
set to Type-1 external and the cost is equal to X + Y. If the
external metric type is 2, the path-type is set to Type-2
external, the link-state component of the route's cost is X,
and the type 2 cost is Y.
[OSPF]
(6) Otherwise compare the AS external path described by the LSA
with the existing paths in N's routing table entry. If the
new path is preferred, it replaces the present paths in N's
routing table entry. If the new path is of equal preference,
it is added to the present paths in N's routing table entry.
[OSPF]
Preference is defined as follows:
(a) Intra-area and inter-area paths are always preferred over
AS external paths.
[OSPF]
(b) Type 1 external paths are always preferred over type 2
external paths. When all paths are type 2 external paths,
the paths with the smallest advertised type 2 metric are
always preferred.
[OSPF]
(c) If the new AS external path is still indistinguishable
from the current paths in N's routing table entry, and
RFC1583Compatibility is set to "disabled", select the
preferred paths based on the intra-AS paths to the
ASBR/forwarding addresses, as specified in Section 16.4.1.
Here intra-NSSA paths are equivalent to the intra-area
paths of non-backbone regular OSPF areas.
[NSSA]
(d) If the new AS external path is still indistinguishable
from the current paths in N's routing table entry, select
the preferred path based on a least cost comparison. Type
1 external paths are compared by looking at the sum of the
distance to the ASBR/forwarding addresses and the
advertised type 1 metric (X+Y). Type 2 external paths
advertising equal type 2 metrics are compared by looking
at the distance to the ASBR/forwarding addresses.
~[OSPF]
(e) If the current LSA is functionally the same as an
installed LSA (i.e., same destination, cost and non-zero
forwarding address) then apply the following priorities in
deciding which LSA is preferred:
1. A Type-7 LSA with the P-bit set.
2. A Type-5 LSA.
3. The LSA with the higher router ID.
[NSSA]
2.6 Incremental Updates
Incremental updates for Type-7 LSAs should be treated the same as
incremental updates for Type-5 LSAs (see [OSPF] Section 16.6). When
a new instance of a Type-7 LSA is received it is not necessary to
recalculate the entire routing table. Call the destination described
by the Type-7 LSA N. N's address is obtained by masking the LSA's
Link State ID with the network/subnet mask contained in the body of
the LSA. If there is already an intra-area or inter-area route to
the destination, no recalculation is necessary (internal routes take
precedence).
Otherwise, the procedure in the preceding section will have to be
performed but only for the external routes (Type-5 and Type-7) whose
destination is N. Before this procedure is performed, the present
routing table entry for N should be invalidated.
2.7 Optionally Importing Summary Routes
In order for OSPF's summary routing to not be obscured by an NSSA's
Type-7 AS-external-LSAs, all NSSA border router implementations must
support the optional import of summary routes into NSSAs as Type-3
summary-LSAs. The default behavior is to import summary routes. A
new area configuration parameter, ImportSummaries, is defined in
Appendix D. When ImportSummaries is set to enabled, summary routes
are imported. When it is set to disabled, summary routes are not
imported. The default setting is enabled.
When OSPF's summary routes are not imported, the default LSA
originated by an NSSA border router into the NSSA should be a Type-3
summary-LSA. This protects the NSSA from routing intra-AS traffic out
the AS via the default route of a Type-7 default LSA originating from
one of the NSSA's internal routers. When summary routes are imported
into the NSSA, the default LSA originated by an NSSA border router
must not be a Type-3 summary-LSA; otherwise its default route would
be chosen over the potentially more preferred default routes of
Type-7 default LSAs.
3.0 Intra-AS Implementation Details
3.1 Type-7 Translator Election
It is not recommended that multiple NSSA border routers perform
Type-7 to Type-5 translation unless it is required to route packets
efficiently through Area 0 to an NSSA partitioned by Type-7 address
ranges. It is normally sufficient to have only one NSSA border
router perform the translation. Excessive numbers of Type-7
translators unnecessarily increase the size of the OSPF link state
data base.
A new area configuration parameter, NSSATranslatorRole, is defined in
Appendix D. It specifies whether or not an NSSA router will
unconditionally translate Type-7 LSAs to Type-5 LSAs when acting as
an NSSA border router. Configuring the identity of the translator can
be used to bias the routing to aggregated destinations. When
NSSATranslatorRole is set to Always, Type-7 LSAs are always
translated regardless of the translator state of other NSSA border
routers. When NSSATranslatorRole is set to Candidate an NSSA border
router will participate in the translator election process described
below.
A new area parameter, NSSATranslatorState, is maintained in an NSSA's
OSPF area data structure. By default all NSSA routers initialize
NSSATranslatorState to disabled. When an NSSA border router's
NSSATranslatorState changes from disabled to either enabled or
elected, it begins translating the NSSA's Type-7 LSAs into Type-5
LSAs. When its NSSATranslatorState changes from either enabled or
elected to disabled, it ceases translating the NSSA's Type-7 LSAs
into Type-5 LSAs. (See paragraphs below.)
A new bit, Nt, is defined for the router-LSAs of NSSAs. (See
Appendix B.) By default routers clear bit Nt when originating
router-LSAs. However, when an NSSA border router has its
NSSATranslatorState enabled, it sets bit Nt in the router-LSA it
originates into the NSSA. An NSSA router whose NSSATranslatorRole is
set to Always should re-originate a router-LSA into the NSSA whenever
its NSSATranslatorState changes.
When an NSSA router with the NSSA's NSSATranslatorRole set to Always
attains border router status, it should change NSSATranslatorState
from disabled to enabled. When it loses border router status, it
should change NSSATranslatorState from enabled to disabled.
All NSSA border routers must set the E-bit in the Type-1 router-LSAs
of their directly attached non-stub areas, even when they are not
translating. This allows other NSSA border routers to see their ASBR
status across the AS's transit topology. Failure to do so may cause
the election algorithm to elect unnecessary translators. Every NSSA
border router is a potential translator.
An NSSA border router whose NSSA's NSSATranslatorRole is set to
Candidate must maintain a list of the NSSA's border routers that are
reachable both over the NSSA and as ASBRs over the AS's transit
topology. Any change in this list, or to the Nt bit settings of
members of this list, causes the NSSA border router to reevaluate its
NSSATranslatorState. If there exists another border router in this
list whose router-LSA has bit Nt set or who has a higher router ID,
then its NSSATranslatorState is disabled. Otherwise its
NSSATranslatorState is elected.
An elected translator will continue to perform translation duties
until supplanted by a reachable NSSA border router whose Nt bit is
set or whose router ID is greater. Such an event may happen when an
NSSA router with NSSATranslatorRole set to Always regains border
router status, or when a partitioned NSSA becomes whole. If an
elected translator determines its services are no longer required, it
continues to perform its translation duties for the additional time
interval defined by a new area configuration parameter,
TranslatorStabilityInterval. This minimizes excessive flushing of
translated Type-7 LSAs and provides for a more stable translator
transition. The default value for the TranslatorStabilityInterval
parameter has been defined as 40 seconds. (See Appendix D.)
3.2 Translating Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs
This step is performed as part of the NSSA's Dijkstra calculation
after Type-5 and Type-7 routes have been calculated. If the
calculating router is currently not an NSSA border router translator,
then this translation algorithm should be skipped. Only installed
Type-7 LSAs and those non-default Type-7 LSAs originated by the
router itself should be examined. Locally sourced Type-7 LSAs should
be processed first.
Note that it is possible for a Type-5 LSA generated by translation to
supplant a Type-5 LSA originating from a local OSPF external source.
Future reoriginations of the locally sourced Type-5 LSA should be
suppressed until the Type-5 LSA generated by translation is flushed.
A Type-7 LSA and a Type-7 address range best match one another if
there does not exist a more specific Type-7 address range that
contains the LSA's network. For each eligible Type-7 LSA perform the
following:
(1) If the Type-7 LSA has the P-bit clear, or its forwarding
address is set to 0.0.0.0, or the most specific Type-7 address
range that subsumes the LSA's network has DoNotAdvertise
status, then do nothing with this Type-7 LSA and consider the
next one in the list. Otherwise term the LSA as translatable
and proceed with step (2).
(2) If the Type-7 LSA is not contained in any explicitly
configured Type-7 address range and the calculating router has
the highest router ID amongst NSSA translators that have
originated a functionally equivalent Type-5 LSA (i.e. same
destination, cost and non-zero forwarding address) and that
are reachable over area 0 and the NSSA, then a Type-5 LSA
should be generated if there is currently no Type-5 LSA
originating from this router corresponding to the Type-7 LSA's
network, or there is an existing Type-5 LSA and either it
corresponds to a local OSPF external source whose path type
and metric is less preferred (see Section 2.5 step (6), parts
(b) and (d)), or it doesn't and the Type-5 LSA's path type or
cost(s) have changed (See Section 2.5 step (5)) or the
forwarding address no longer maps to a translatable Type-7
LSA.
The newly originated Type-5 LSA will describe the same network
and have the same network mask, path type, metric, forwarding
address and external route tag as the Type-7 LSA. The
advertising router field will be the router ID of this NSSA
border router. The link-state ID is equal to the LSA's
network address (in the case of multiple originations of
Type-5 LSAs with the same network address but different mask,
the link-state ID can also have one or more of the network's
"host" bits set).
(3) Else the Type-7 LSA must be aggregated by the most specific
Type-7 address range that subsumes it. If this Type-7 address
range has the same [address,mask] pair as the LSA's network
and no other translatable Type-7 LSA with a different network
best matches this range, then flag the LSA as not contained in
any explicitly configured Type-7 address range and process the
LSA as described in step (2). Otherwise compute the path type
and metric for this Type-7 address range as described below.
The path type and metric of the Type-7 address range is
determined from the path types and metrics of those
translatable Type-7 LSAs that best match the range plus any
locally sourced Type-5 LSAs whose network has the same
[address,mask] pair. If any of these LSAs have a path type of
2, the range's path type is 2, otherwise it is 1. If the
range's path type is 1 its metric is the highest cost amongst
these LSAs; if the range's path type is 2 its metric is the
highest Type-2 cost + 1 amongst these LSAs. (See Section 2.5
step (5).) 1 is added to the Type-2 cost to ensure that the
translated Type-5 LSA does not appear closer on the NSSA
border than a translatable Type-7 LSA whose network has the
same [address,mask] pair and Type-2 cost.
A Type-5 LSA is generated from the Type-7 address range when
there is currently no Type-5 LSA originated by this router
whose network has the same [address,mask] pair as the range or
there is but either its path type or metric has changed or its
forwarding address is non-zero.
The newly generated Type-5 LSA will have a link-state ID equal
to the Type-7 address range's address (in the case of multiple
originations of Type-5 LSAs with the same network address but
different mask, the link-state ID can also have one or more of
the range's "host" bits set). The advertising router field
will be the router ID of this area border router. The network
mask and the external route tag are set to the range's
configured values. The forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0.
The path type and metric are set to the range's path type and
metric as defined and computed above.
The pending processing of other translation eligible Type-7
LSAs that best match this Type-7 address range is suppressed.
Thus at most a single Type-5 LSA is originated for each Type-7
address range.
For example, given a Type-7 address range of [10.0.0.0, 255.0.0.0]
that subsumes the following Type-7 routes:
10.1.0.0/24 path type 1, cost 10
10.2.0.0/24 path type 1, cost 11
10.3.0.0/24 path type 2, type 2 cost 5
a Type-5 LSA would be generated with a path type of 2 and a metric 6.
Given a Type-7 address range of [10.0.0.0, 255.0.0.0] that subsumes
the following Type-7 routes:
10.1.0.0/24 path type 1, cost 10
10.2.0.0/24 path type 1, cost 11
10.3.0.0/24 path type 1, cost 5
a Type-5 LSA will be generated with a path type of 1 and a metric 11.
These Type-7 address range metric and path type rules will avoid
routing loops in the event that path types 1 and 2 are both used
within the area.
As with all newly originated Type-5 LSAs, a Type-5 LSA that is the
result of a Type-7 LSA translation or aggregation is flooded to all
attached Type-5 capable areas.
Like Type-3 address ranges, a Type-7 address range performs the dual
function of setting propagation policy via its
Advertise/DoNotAdvertise parameter and aggregation via its network
address and mask pair. Unlike the origination of Type-3 summary-LSAs,
the translation of a Type-7 LSA into a Type-5 LSA may result in more
efficient routing when the forwarding address is set, as is done
during step (2) of the translation procedure.
Another important feature of this translation process is that it
allows a Type-7 address range to apply different properties
(aggregation, forwarding address, and Advertise/DoNotAdvertise
status) for the Type-7 routes it subsumes, versus those Type-7 routes
subsumed by other more specific Type-7 address ranges contained in
the Type-7 address range.
3.3 Flushing Translated Type-7 LSAs
If an NSSA border router has either translated or aggregated an
installed Type-7 LSA into a Type-5 LSA that should no longer be
translated or aggregated, then the Type-5 LSA should either be
flushed or reoriginated as a translation or aggregation of other
Type-7 LSAs.
If an NSSA border router is translating Type-7 LSA's into Type-5
LSA's with NSSATranslatorState set to elected and the NSSA border
router has determined that its translator election status has been
deposed by another NSSA border router (see Section 3.1), then, as
soon as the TranslatorStabilityInterval has expired without the
router reelecting itself as a translator, Type-5 LSAs that are
generated by aggregating Type-7 LSAs into their best matched Type-7
address ranges (see Section 3.2, Step (3)) are flushed. Conversely
Type-5 LSAs generated by translating Type-7 LSAs are not immediately
flushed, but are allowed to remain in the OSPF routing domain as if
the originator is still an elected translator. This minimizes the
flushing and flooding impact on the transit topology of an NSSA that
changes its translators frequently.
4.0 Security Considerations
There are two types of issues that need be addressed when looking at
protecting routing protocols from misconfigurations and malicious
attacks. The first is authentication and certification of routing
protocol information. The second is denial of service attacks
resulting from repetitive origination of the same router
advertisement or origination of a large number of distinct
advertisements resulting in database overflow. Note that both of
these concerns exist independently of a router's support for the NSSA
option.
The OSPF protocol addresses authentication concerns by authenticating
OSPF protocol exchanges. OSPF supports multiple types of
authentication; the type of authentication in use can be configured
on a per network segment basis. One of OSPF's authentication types,
namely the Cryptographic authentication option, is believed to be
secure against passive attacks and provides significant protection
against active attacks. When using the Cryptographic authentication
option, each router appends a "message digest" to its transmitted
OSPF packets. Receivers then use the shared secret key and the
received digest to verify that each received OSPF packet is
authentic.
The quality of the security provided by the Cryptographic
authentication option depends completely on the strength of the
message digest algorithm (MD5 is currently the only message digest
algorithm specified), the strength of the key being used, and the
correct implementation of the security mechanism in all communicating
OSPF implementations. It also requires that all parties maintain the
secrecy of the shared secret key. None of the standard OSPF
authentication types provide confidentiality, nor do they protect
against traffic analysis. For more information on the standard OSPF
security mechanisms, see Sections 8.1, 8.2, and Appendix D of [OSPF].
[DIGI] describes the extensions to OSPF required to add digital
signature authentication to Link State data and to provide a
certification mechanism for router data. [DIGI] also describes the
added LSA processing and key management as well as a method for
migration from or co-existence with standard OSPF V2.
OSPF addresses repetitive origination of advertisements by mandating
a limit on how frequent new instances of any particular LSA can be
originated and accepted during the flooding procedure. The frequency
at which new LSA instances may be originated is set to once every
MinLSInterval seconds, whose value is 5 seconds. (See [OSPF] Section
12.4.) The frequency at which new LSA instances are accepted during
flooding is once every MinLSArrival seconds, whose value is set to 1
second. (See [OSPF] Section 13, Appendix B, and G.1.)
Proper operation of the OSPF protocol requires that all OSPF routers
maintain an identical copy of the OSPF link state database. However,
when the size of the link state database becomes very large, some
routers may be unable to keep the entire database due to resource
shortages; this is termed "database overflow". When database
overflow is anticipated, the routers with limited resources can be
accommodated by configuring OSPF stub areas and NSSAs. [OVERFLOW]
details a way of gracefully handling unanticipated database
overflows.
5.0 Acknowledgements
This document was produced by the OSPF Working Group, chaired by John
Moy.
In addition, the comments of the following individuals are also
acknowledged:
Antoni Przygienda Redback Networks, Inc
Alex Zinin cisco
It is also noted that comments from
Phani Jajjarvarpu cisco
Dino Farinacci cisco
Jeff Honig Cornell University
Doug Williams IBM
were acknowledged in the predecessor of this document, RFC1587.
6.0 Contributors
This document, RFC3101, adds new sections, features, edits, and
revisions to its predecessor, RFC1587, "The OSPF NSSA Option",
authored by Rob Coltun, Movaz Networks, and Vince Fuller. Content
from RFC1587 is used throughout RFC3101. In addition to adding new
features, this document makes the NSSA specification consistent with
the OSPFv2 specification, RFC2328, authored by John Moy, Sycamore
Networks, Inc. Section 2.5, Calculating Type-7 AS External Routes,
and Section 2.6, Incremental Updates, rely heavily on text in RFC
2328's Section 16.4 and Section 16.6 respectively. Section 4.0,
Security Considerations, is an edit of similar content in Rob
Coltun's RFC2370, "The OSPF Opaque LSA option", Section 6.0.
Acee Lindem, Redback Networks, Inc, is also recognized for the first
full known implementation of this specification. Acee's
implementation resulted in substantive content change.
7.0 References
[DIGI] Murphy, S., Badger, M. and B. Wellington, "OSPF with
Digital Signatures", RFC2154, June 1997.
[MUEX] Moy, J., "Multicast Extensions to OSPF", RFC1584, March
1994.
[OSPF] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", RFC2328, April 1998.
[OPAQUE] Coltun, R., "The OSPF Opaque LSA Option", RFC2370, July
1998.
[OVERFLOW] Moy, J., "OSPF Database Overflow", RFC1765, March 1995.
Appendix A: The Options Field
The OSPF options field is present in OSPF Hello packets, Database
Description packets and all link state advertisements. See [OSPF]
Appendix A.2 and [OPAQUE] Appendix A.1 for a description of the
options field. Six bits are assigned but only two (the E-bit and the
N/P bit) are described completely in this section.
--------------------------------------
* O DC EA N/P MC E *
--------------------------------------
The Type-7 LSA options field
E-bit: Type-5 AS-external-LSAs are not flooded into/through OSPF
stub areas and NSSAs. The E-bit ensures that all members
of a stub area or NSSA agree on that area configuration.
The E-bit is meaningful only in OSPF Hello and Database
Description packets. When the E-bit is clear in the Hello
packet sent out a particular interface, it means that the
router will neither send nor receive Type-5 AS-external-
LSAs on that interface (in other Words, the interface
connects to a stub area or NSSA). Two routers will not
become neighbors unless they agree on the state of the E-
bit.
N-bit: The N-bit describes the router's NSSA capability. The N-
bit is used only in Hello packets and ensures that all
members of an NSSA agree on that area's configuration.
When the N-bit is set in the Hello packet that is sent out
a particular interface, it means that the router will send
and receive Type-7 LSAs on that interface. Two routers
will not form an adjacency unless they agree on the state
of the N-bit. If the N-bit is set in the options field,
the E-bit must be clear.
P-bit: The P-bit is used only in the Type-7 LSA header. It flags
the NSSA border router to translate the Type-7 LSA into a
Type-5 LSA. The default setting for the P-bit is clear.
Appendix B: Router-LSAs
Router-LSAs are the Type-1 LSAs. Each router in an area originates a
router-LSA. The LSA describes the state and cost of the router's
links (i.e., interfaces) to the area. All of the router's links to
the area must be described in a single router-LSA. For details
concerning the construction of router-LSAs, see [OSPF] Section
12.4.1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
LS age Options 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link State ID
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Advertising Router
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
LS sequence number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
LS checksum length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0 NtWVEB 0 # links
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link ID
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type # TOS TOS 0 metric
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
TOS 0 metric
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
TOS 0 metric
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link ID
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...
In router-LSAs, the Link State ID field is set to the router's OSPF
Router ID. Router-LSAs are flooded throughout a single area only.
bit V
When set, the router is an endpoint of one or more fully
adjacent virtual links having the described area as their
transit area (V is for virtual link endpoint).
bit E
When set, the router is an AS boundary router (E is for
external). ALL NSSA border routers set bit E in those
router-LSAs originated into directly attached Type-5 capable
areas. An NSSA's AS boundary routers also set bit E in their
router-LSAs originated into the NSSA. (See Section 3.1 for
details.)
bit B
When set, the router is an area border router (B is for
border).
bit W
When set, the router is a wild-card multicast receiver (W is
for wild).
bit Nt
When set, the router is an NSSA border router that is
unconditionally translating Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs (Nt
stands for NSSA translation). Note that such routers have
their NSSATranslatorRole area configuration parameter set to
Always. (See Appendix D and Section 3.1.)
The remainder of the router-LSAs specification is defined in [OSPF]
Section A.4.2.
Appendix C: Type-7 LSA Packet Format
0 32
------------------------------------
Options 7
-------------------
Link-State Header
------------------------------------
Network Mask
------------------------------------ ______
E TOS metric .
------------------------------------ . repeated for each TOS
Forwarding Address .
------------------------------------ .
External Route Tag ______
------------------------------------
The definitions of the link-state ID, network mask, metrics and
external route tag are the same as the definitions for Type-5 LSAs
(See [OSPF] Appendix A.4.5), except for the forwarding address and
the N/P-bit. The Options field must have the N/P bit set as
described in Appendix A when the originating router desires that the
external route be propagated throughout the OSPF domain.
Forwarding address
Data traffic for the advertised destination will be forwarded to
this address. If the forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0, data
traffic will be forwarded to the LSA's originator (i.e., the
responsible NSSA AS boundary router). Normally the next hop
address of an installed AS external route learned by an NSSA ASBR
from an adjacent AS points at one of the adjacent AS's gateway
routers. If this address belongs to a network connected to the
NSSA ASBR via one of its NSSAs' active interfaces, then it is the
forwarding address for the route's Type-7 LSA originated into this
NSSA. For an NSSA with no such network the forwarding address is
either an address from one of its active interfaces or 0.0.0.0.
If the P-bit is set, the forwarding address must be non-zero,
otherwise it may be 0.0.0.0. (See Section 2.3 for details.)
Appendix D: Configuration Parameters
[OSPF] Appendix C.2 lists the area configuration parameters. The
area ID and the list of address ranges for Type-3 summary routes
remain unchanged. Section 2.2 of this document lists the
configuration parameters for Type-7 address ranges. The following
area configuration parameters have been added:
NSSATranslatorRole
Specifies whether or not an NSSA border router will
unconditionally translate Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs. When
it is set to Always, an NSSA border router always translates
Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs regardless of the translator state
of other NSSA border routers. When it is set to Candidate, an
NSSA border router participates in the translator election
process described in Section 3.1. The default setting is
Candidate.
TranslatorStabilityInterval
Defines the length of time an elected Type-7 translator will
continue to perform its translator duties once it has
determined that its translator status has been deposed by
another NSSA border router translator as described in Section
3.1 and 3.3. The default setting is 40 seconds.
ImportSummaries
When set to enabled, OSPF's summary routes are imported into
the NSSA as Type-3 summary-LSAs. When set to disabled, summary
routes are not imported into the NSSA. The default setting is
enabled.
Implementations must provide a vehicle for setting the P-bit when
external routes are imported into the NSSA as Type-7 LSAs. Without
configuration, the default setting of the P-bit is clear. (See
Section 2.3 and Appendix B.)
For NSSAs the ExternalRoutingCapability area configuration parameter
must be set to accept Type-7 external routes. Additionally there
must be a way of configuring the metric of the default LSA that a
border router advertises into its directly attached NSSAs. If a
Type-7 default LSA is advertised, its metric type (1 or 2) should
also be configurable.
Appendix E: The P-bit Policy Paradox.
Non-default Type-7 LSAs with the P-bit clear may be installed in the
OSPF routing table of NSSA border routers. (See Section 2.5.) These
LSAs are not propagated throughout the OSPF domain as translated
Type-5 LSAs. (See Section 3.2.) Thus, traffic that is external to
an NSSA and that passes through one of the NSSA's border routers may
be hijacked into the NSSA by a route installed from a Type-7 LSA with
the P-bit clear. This may be contrary to the expected path at the
source of the traffic. It may also violate the routing policy
intended by the Type-7 LSA's clear P-bit. A Type-7 address range
that is configured with DoNotAdvertise exhibits the same paradox for
any installed Type-7 LSAs it subsumes, regardless of the P-bit
setting.
This paradox is best illustrated by the following example. Consider
an OSPF domain (AS 1842) with connections for default Internet
routing and to external AS 4156. NSSA 1 and OSPF Area 2 are
partially defined in the following diagram:
AS 4156
Area 2
A2 A0 Area 0 C0-----Internet
Default
+-----------------B0---------------+
/ / / Internet------------A1 B1------AS 4156 (P-bit clear)
Default (P-bit set)
NSSA 1
Here A0, B0, and C0 are Area 0 routers, A1 and B1 are NSSA 1 routers,
and A2 is an Area 2 router. B0 is a border router for both NSSA 1
and Area 2.
If the Type-7 external routes imported by B1 for AS 4156 are
installed on B0 so that the NSSA 1 tree below A1 can take advantage
of them, then A2's traffic to AS 4156 is hijacked through B0 by B1,
rather than its computed path through A0.
An NSSA border router's installed Type-7 default LSAs will exhibit
this paradox when it possesses a Type-7 address range [0,0]
configured with DoNotAdvertise, as these LSAs are not propagated even
though their P-bit is set. In the example above, if A1's default is
installed on B0, which has a configured Type-7 address range [0,0]
with DoNotAdvertise set, then A2's Internet traffic is hijacked
through B0 by A1 rather than the computed path through C0.
Appendix F: Differences from RFC1587
This section documents the differences between this memo and RFC
1587. All differences are backward-compatible. Implementations of
this memo and of RFC1587 will interoperate.
F.1 Enhancements to the import of OSPF's summary routes.
The import of OSPF's summary routes into an NSSA as Type-3 summary-
LSAs is now optional. In RFC1587 the import of summary routes was
mandated in order to guarantee that inter-area summary routing was
not obscured by an NSSA's Type-7 AS-external-LSAs. The current
recommended default behavior is to import summary routes. When
summary routes are not imported into an NSSA, the default LSA
originated by its border routers must be a Type-3 summary-LSA.
See Sections 1.3 and 2.7 for details.
F.2 Changes to Type-7 LSAs.
The setting of the forwarding address in Type-7 LSAs has been further
refined.
See Section 2.3 for details.
F.3 Changes to the Type-7 AS external routing calculation.
The Type-7 external route calculation has been revised. Most
notably:
o The path preference defined in [OSPF] Section 16.4.1 has been
included.
o A Type-7 default route with the P-bit clear will not be
installed on an NSSA border router. This protects the default
routing of other OSPF Areas. (See Appendix E.)
o The LSA type of two AS-external-LSAs plays no role in
determining path preference except when the LSAs are
functionally the same (i.e., same destination, cost and non-
zero forwarding address).
See Section 2.5 for details.
F.4 Changes to translating Type-7 LSAs into Type-5 LSAs
The translator election algorithm of RFC1587 has been updated to
close a bug that results when the translator with the highest router
ID loses connectivity to the AS's transit topology. The default
translator election process occurs only in the absence of an existing
translator.
The identity of the translator is optionally configurable, with more
than one allowed. This allows the network designer to choose the
most cost effective intra-AS route for NSSA originated Type-5 LSA
aggregations of Type-7 LSAs.
Self-originated non-default Type-7 LSAs are now included in the
translation process.
The translation process has been strengthened to close some of the
weak points of RFC1587.
See Sections 3.1 and 3.2 for details.
F.5 Changes to flushing translated Type-7 LSAs
An NSSA border router, which was elected by the augmented RFC1587
translator selection process defined in Section 3.1 and which has
been deposed from its translation duties by another NSSA border
router, flushes its self-originated Type-5 LSAs that resulted from
the aggregation of Type-7 LSAs. This prevents these obsolete
aggregations from short circuiting the preferred path through the new
translator(s). A deposed translator continues to maintain its self-
originated Type-5 LSAs resulting from translation until they age out
normally.
See Section 3.3 for details.
F.6 P-bit additions
The P-bit default has been defined as clear. RFC1587 had no default
setting. (See Appendix C.)
A discussion on the packet forwarding impact of installing Type-7
LSAs with the P-bit clear on NSSA border routers has been added as
Appendix E.
Author's Addresses
Pat Murphy
US Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94560
Phone: (650) 329-4044
EMail: pmurphy@noc.usgs.net
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