Network Working Group M. Rose
Request for Comments: 3340 Dover Beach Consulting, Inc.
Category: Standards Track G. Klyne
Clearswift Corporation
D. Crocker
Brandenburg InternetWorking
July 2002
The Application Exchange Core
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo describes Application Exchange (APEX) Core, an extensible,
asynchronous message relaying service for application layer programs.
Table of Contents
1. IntrodUCtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Architecture at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Service Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Naming of Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Comparing Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Connection Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Relaying Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6 Traffic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. The APEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1 Use of XML and MIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Profile Identification and Initialization . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Message Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Message Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4.1 The Attach Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4.2 The Bind Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.3 The Terminate Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4.4 The Data Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4.4.1 Relay Processing of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.4.2 Application Processing of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.5 APEX Access Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.1 Access Policies in the Endpoint-Relay Mode . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.2 Access Policies in the Relay-Relay Mode . . . . . . . . . 20
5. APEX Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1 The statusRequest Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. APEX Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.1 Use of the APEX Core DTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.1 Transaction-Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.2 The Reply Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 The Report Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7. Registration Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.1 APEX Option Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.2 APEX Service Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.3 APEX Endpoint Application Registration Template . . . . . 30
8. Initial Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.1 Registration: The APEX Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.2 Registration: The System (Well-Known) TCP port number for
apex-mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.3 Registration: The System (Well-Known) TCP port number for
apex-edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.4 Registration: The statusRequest Option . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.5 Registration: The Report Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9. DTDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.1 The APEX Core DTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.2 The Report Service DTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10. Reply Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
B. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1. Introduction
Network applications can be broadly distinguished by five operational
characteristics:
o server push or client pull;
o synchronous (interactive) or asynchronous (batch);
o time-assured or time-insensitive;
o best-effort or reliable; and,
o stateful or stateless.
For example:
o the world-wide web is a pull, synchronous, time-insensitive,
reliable, stateless service; whilst
o Internet mail is a push, asynchronous, time-insensitive, best-
effort (without DSN), stateless service.
Messaging applications vary considerably in their operational
requirements. For example, some messaging applications require
assurance of timeliness and reliability, whilst others do not.
These features come at a cost, in terms of both infrastructural and
configuration complexity. Accordingly, the underlying service must
be extensible to support different requirements in a consistent
manner.
This memo defines a core messaging service that supports a range of
operational characteristics. The core service supports a variety of
tailored services for both user-based and programmatic exchanges.
1.1 Overview
APEX provides an extensible, asynchronous message relaying service
for application layer programs.
APEX, at its core, provides a best-effort datagram service. Each
datagram, simply termed "data", is originated and received by APEX
"endpoints" -- applications that dynamically attach to the APEX
"relaying mesh".
The data transmitted specifies:
o an originating endpoint;
o an opaque content (via a URI-reference);
o one or more recipient endpoints; and,
o zero or more options.
Options are used to alter the semantics of the service, which may
occur on a per-recipient or per-data basis, and may be processed by
either a single or multiple relays.
Additional APEX services are provided on top of the relaying mesh;
e.g., access control and presence information.
APEX is specified, in part, as a BEEP [1] "profile". Accordingly,
many ASPects of APEX (e.g., authentication) are provided within the
BEEP core. Throughout this memo, the terms "peer", "initiator",
"listener", "client", and "server" are used in the context of BEEP.
In particular, Section 2.1 of the BEEP core memo discusses the roles
that a BEEP peer may perform.
When reading this memo, note that the terms "endpoint" and "relay"
are specific to APEX, they do not exist in the context of BEEP.
1.2 Architecture at a Glance
The APEX stack:
+-------------+
APEX an APEX process is either:
process
+-------------+ - an application attached as an APEX
endpoint; or,
APEX
- an APEX relay
+-------------+
APEX services are realized as applications
BEEP having a special relationship with the APEX
relays in their administrative domain
+-------------+
TCP
+-------------+
...
+-------------+
The APEX entities:
administrative domain #1 administrative domain #2
+----------------------------+ +----------------------------+
+------+ +------+
appl appl
+......+ +------+ +------+ +......+
end- relay relay end-
point point
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
APEX APEX APEX APEX
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
============= ================ =============
+----------------------------+ +----------------------------+
<---- APEX relaying mesh ---->
Note: relaying between administrative domains is configured
using SRV RRs. Accordingly, the actual number of
relays between two endpoints is not fixed.
2. Service Principles
2.1 Modes of Operation
APEX is used in two modes:
endpoint-relay: in which the endpoint is always the BEEP initiator of
the service, whilst relays are always the BEEP listeners. In this
context, applications attach as endpoints, and then the
transmission of data occurs.
relay-relay: in which relays typically, though not necessarily,
reside in different administrative domains. In this context,
applications bind as relays, and then the transmission of data
occurs.
In the endpoint-relay mode, an endpoint (BEEP initiator) may:
o attach as one or more endpoints;
o send data to other endpoints;
o receive data from other endpoints; and,
o terminate any of its attachments.
A relay (BEEP listener), in addition to servicing requests from a
BEEP initiator, may:
o terminate any of the endpoint's attachments;
o deliver data from other endpoints; and,
o indicate the delivery status of data sent earlier by the endpoint.
In the relay-relay mode, a relay (BEEP listener or initiator) may:
o bind as one or more administrative domains;
o send data;
o receive data; and,
o terminate any bindings.
2.2 Naming of Entities
Endpoints are named using the following ABNF [2] syntax:
;; Domain is defined in [3], either a FQDN or a literal
entity = local "@" Domain
local = address [ "/" subaddress ]
address = token
subaddress = token
;; all non-control characters, excluding "/" and "@" delimiters
token = 1*(%x20-2E / %x30-3F / %x41-7E / UTF-8) ;; [4]
Two further conventions are applied when using this syntax:
the "apex=" convention: All endpoint identities having a local-part
starting with "apex=" are reserved for use by APEX services
registered with the IANA; and,
the "subaddress" convention: If the solidus character ("/", decimal
code 47) occurs in the local-part, this identifies a subaddress of
an endpoint identity (e.g., "fred/appl=wb@example.com" is a
subaddress of the APEX endpoint "fred@example.com").
All subaddresses starting with "appl=" are reserved for use by
APEX endpoint applications registered with the IANA.
Relays, although not named, serve of behalf of administrative
domains, as identified by a FQDN or a domain-literal, e.g.,
"example.com" or "[10.0.0.1]".
In APEX, "endpoints" and "relays" are the fundamental entities. APEX
is carried over BEEP, which has the "peer" as its fundamental entity.
The relationship between BEEP peer entities and APEX endpoint and
relay entities are defined by APEX's Access Policies (Section 4.5).
2.2.1 Comparing Endpoints
Note that since the "local" part of an entity is a string of UTF-8
[4] octets, comparison operations on the "local" part use exact
matching (i.e., are case-sensitive).
Accordingly, "fred@example.com" and "Fred@example.com" refer to
different endpoints. Of course, relays serving the "example.com"
administrative domain may choose to treat the two endpoints
identically for the purposes of routing and delivery.
Finally, note that if an APEX endpoint is represented using a
transmission encoding, then, prior to comparison, the encoding is
reversed. For example, if the URL encoding is used, then
"apex:fred@example.com" is identical to "apex:f%72ed@example.com".
3. Service Provisioning
3.1 Connection Establishment
The SRV algorithm [5] is used to determine the IP/TCP addressing
information assigned to the relays for an administrative domain
identified by a FQDN:
service: "apex-edge" (for the endpoint-relay mode), or "apex-mesh"
(for the relay-relay mode);
protocol: "tcp"; and,
domain: the administrative domain.
If the administrative domain is identified by a domain-literal, then
the IP address information is taken directly from the literal and the
TCP port number used is assigned by the IANA for the registration in
Section 8.2.
3.2 Authentication
Authentication is a matter of provisioning for each BEEP peer (c.f.,
Section 4.5).
An APEX relay might be provisioned to allow a BEEP peer identity to
coincide with a given endpoint identity. For example, a relay in the
"example.com" administrative domain may be configured to allow a BEEP
peer identified as "fred@example.com" to be authorized to attach as
the APEX endpoint "fred@example.com".
3.3 Authorization
Authorization is a matter of provisioning for each BEEP peer (c.f.,
Section 4.5).
Typically, a relay requires that its BEEP peer authenticate as a
prelude to authorization, but an endpoint usually does not require
the same of its BEEP peer.
3.4 Confidentiality
Confidentiality is a matter of provisioning for each BEEP peer.
Typically, any data considered sensitive by an originating endpoint
will have its content encrypted for the intended recipient
endpoint(s), rather than relying on hop-by-hop encryption.
Similarly, an originating endpoint will sign the content if end-to-
end authentication is desired.
3.5 Relaying Integrity
Data are relayed according to SRV entries in the DNS. Accordingly,
relaying integrity is a function of the DNS and the applications
making use of the DNS. Additional assurance is provided if the BEEP
initiator requires that the BEEP listener authenticate itself.
3.6 Traffic Analysis
Hop-by-hop protection of data transmitted through the relaying mesh
(endpoint identities and content) is afforded at the BEEP level
through the use of a transport security profile. Other traffic
characteristics, e.g., volume and timing of transmissions, are not
protected from third-party analysis.
4. The APEX
Section 8.1 contains the BEEP profile registration for APEX.
4.1 Use of XML and MIME
Each BEEP payload exchanged via APEX consists of an XML document and
possibly an arbitrary MIME content.
If only an XML document is sent in the BEEP payload, then the mapping
to a BEEP payload is straight-forward, e.g.,
C: MSG 1 2 . 111 39
C: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
C:
C: <terminate transID='1' />
C: END
Otherwise, if an arbitrary MIME content is present, it is indicated
by a URI-reference [6] in the XML control document. The URI-
reference may contain an absolute-URI (and possibly a fragment-
identifier), or it may be a relative-URI consisting only of a
fragment-identifier. Arbitrary MIME content is included in the BEEP
payload by using a "multipart/related" [7], identified using a "cid"
URL [8], and the XML control document occurs as the start of the
"multipart/related", e.g.,
C: MSG 1 1 . 42 1234
C: Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="boundary";
C: start="<1@example.com>";
C: type="application/beep+xml"
C:
C: --boundary
C: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
C: Content-ID: <1@example.com>
C:
C: <data content='cid:2@example.com'>
C: <originator identity='fred@example.com' />
C: <recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
C: </data>
C: --boundary
C: Content-Type: image/gif
C: Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
C: Content-ID: <2@example.com>
C:
C: ...
C: --boundary--
C: END
Because BEEP provides an 8bit-wide path, a "transformative" Content-
Transfer-Encoding (e.g., "base64" or "quoted-printable") should not
be used. Further, note that MIME [9] requires that the value of the
"Content-ID" header be globally unique.
If the arbitrary MIME content is itself an XML document, it may be
contained within the control document directly as a "data-content"
element, and identified using a URI-reference consisting of only a
fragment-identifier, e.g.,
C: MSG 1 1 . 42 295
C: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
C:
C: <data content='#Content'>
C: <originator identity='fred@example.com' />
C: <recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
C: <data-content Name='Content'>
C: <statusResponse transID='86'>
C: <destination identity='barney@example.com'>
C: <reply code='250' />
C: </destination>
C: </statusResponse>
C: </data-content>
C: </data>
C: END
4.2 Profile Identification and Initialization
The APEX is identified as
http://iana.org/beep/APEX
in the BEEP "profile" element during channel creation.
No elements are required to be exchanged during channel creation;
however, in the endpoint-relay mode, the BEEP initiator will
typically include an "attach" element during channel creation, e.g.,
<start number='1'>
<profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/APEX'>
<![CDATA[<attach endpoint='fred@example.com'
transID='1' />]]>
</profile>
</start>
Similarly, in the relay-relay mode, the BEEP initiator will typically
include an "bind" element during channel creation, e.g.,
<start number='1'>
<profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/APEX'>
<![CDATA[<bind relay='example.com'
transID='1' />]]>
</profile>
</start>
4.3 Message Syntax
Section 9.1 defines the BEEP payloads that are used in the APEX.
4.4 Message Semantics
4.4.1 The Attach Operation
When an application wants to attach to the relaying mesh as a given
endpoint, it sends an "attach" element to a relay, e.g.,
+-------+ +-------+
-- attach ----->
appl. relay
<--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <attach endpoint='fred@example.com' transID='1' />
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- attach ----->
<--------- ok --
appl. relay
-- attach ----->
<--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <attach endpoint='fred@example.com' transID='1' />
S: <ok />
C: <attach endpoint='wilma@example.com' transID='2' />
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- attach ----->
appl. relay
<------ error --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <attach endpoint='fred@example.com' transID='1' />
S: <error code='537'>access denied</error>
The "attach" element has an "endpoint" attribute, a "transID"
attribute, and contains zero or more "option" elements:
o the "endpoint" attribute specifies the endpoint that the
application wants to attach as;
o the "transID" attribute specifies the transaction-identifier
associated with this operation; and,
o the "option" elements, if any, specify additional processing
options (Section 5).
When a relay receives an "attach" element, it performs these steps:
1. If the transaction-identifier refers to a previous, non-terminated
operation on this BEEP channel, an "error" element having code 555
is returned.
2. If the relay is in a different administrative domain than this
endpoint, an "error" element having code 553 is returned.
3. If the application is not authorized to attach as this endpoint
(c.f., Section 4.5.1), an "error" element having code 537 is
returned.
4. If any options are present, they are processed.
5. If another application has already attached as this endpoint, an
"error" element having code 554 is returned.
6. Otherwise, the application is bound as this endpoint, and an "ok"
element is returned.
4.4.2 The Bind Operation
When an application wants to identify itself as a relay, it sends a
"bind" element to another relay, e.g.,
+-------+ +-------+
-- bind ------->
relay relay
#1 <--------- ok -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <bind relay='example.com' transID='1' />
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- bind ------->
<--------- ok --
relay relay
#1 -- bind -------> #2
<--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <bind relay='example.com' transID='1' />
S: <ok />
C: <bind relay='rubble.com' transID='2' />
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- bind ------->
relay relay
#1 <------ error -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <bind relay='example.com' transID='1' />
S: <error code='537'>access denied</error>
The "bind" element has a "relay" attribute, a "transID" attribute,
and contains zero or more "option" elements:
o the "relay" attribute specifies the administrative domain on whose
behalf the application wants to serve;
o the "transID" attribute specifies the transaction-identifier
associated with this operation; and,
o the "option" elements, if any, specify additional processing
options (Section 5).
When a relay receives an "bind" element, it performs these steps:
1. If the transaction-identifier refers to a previous, non-terminated
operation on this BEEP channel, an "error" element having code 555
is returned.
2. If the application is not authorized to bind on behalf of this
administrative domain (c.f., Section 4.5.2), an "error" element
having code 537 is returned.
3. If any options are present, they are processed.
4. Otherwise, the application is accepted as serving this
administrative domain, and an "ok" element is returned.
4.4.3 The Terminate Operation
When an application or relay wants to release an attachment or
binding, it sends a "terminate" element, e.g.,
+-------+ +-------+
-- terminate -->
appl. relay
<--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <terminate transID='1' />
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- terminate -->
appl. relay
<------ error --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <terminate transID='13' />
S: <error code='550'>unknown transaction-identifier</error>
or
+-------+ +-------+
<-- terminate --
appl. relay
-- ok --------->
+-------+ +-------+
C: <terminate transID='1' />
S: <ok />
The "terminate" element has a "transID" attribute, an optional "code"
attribute, an optional "xml:lang" attribute, and may contain
arbitrary textual content:
o the "transID" attribute specifies the transaction-identifier
associated with this operation;
o the "code" attribute, if present, is a three-digit reply code
meaningful to programs (c.f., Section 10);
o the "xml:lang" attribute, if present, specifies the language that
the element's content is written in; and,
o the textual content is a diagnostic (possibly multiline) which is
meaningful to implementers, perhaps administrators, and possibly
even users.
When an application or relay receives a "terminate" element, it
performs these steps:
1. If the value of the transaction-identifier is zero, then all
associations established by this application over this BEEP
session, either as an endpoint attachment or a relay binding, are
terminated, and an "ok" element is returned.
2. Otherwise, if the transaction-identifier does not refer to a
previous unterminated operation on this BEEP channel, an "error"
element having code 550 is returned.
3. Otherwise, the application is no longer bound as an endpoint or a
relay, and an "ok" element is returned.
4.4.4 The Data Operation
When an application or relay wants to transmit data over the relaying
mesh, it sends a "data" element, e.g.,
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
appl. relay
#1 <--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
</data>
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
appl. relay
#1 <------ error --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
</data>
S: <error code='537'>access denied</error>
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
relay appl.
<--------- ok -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
</data>
S: <ok />
The "data" element has a "content" attribute, and contains an
"originator" element, one or more "recipient" elements, zero or more
"option" elements, and, optionally, a "data-content" element:
o the "content" attribute is a URI-reference that specifies the
contents of the data (c.f., Section 4.1);
o the "originator" element refers to the endpoint sending the data;
o each "recipient" element refers to an endpoint destination for the
data;
o the "option" elements, if any, specify additional processing
options (Section 5), termed per-data options; and,
o the "data-content" element, if present, specifies a nested XML
entity that is referenced using a URI fragment-identifier as the
value of the "content" attribute.
The "originator" element has an "identity" attribute, and contains
zero or more option elements:
o the "identity" attribute specifies the sending endpoint; and
o the "option" elements, if any, specify additional processing
options for the originator, termed per-originator options.
Each "recipient" element has an "identity" attribute, and contains
zero or more option elements:
o the "identity" attribute specifies the destination endpoint; and
o the "option" elements, if any, specify additional processing
options for this recipient, termed per-recipient options.
4.4.4.1 Relay Processing of Data
When a relay receives a "data" element, it performs these steps:
1. If the BEEP client is not authorized to originate or relay data on
behalf of the "originator" endpoint (c.f., Section 4.5), an
"error" element having code 537 is returned.
2. If any per-data options are present, they are processed.
3. An "ok" element is returned.
4. If any per-originator options are present, they are processed.
5. For each recipient:
1. If any per-recipient options are present, they are processed.
2. If the recipient endpoint is not in the administrative domain
associated with the relay, then an APEX session is established
to a relay that accepts data for the recipient's administrative
domain, and a new "data" element, containing that "recipient"
element and all applicable options, is sent to that relay.
If an APEX session is established, the new "data" is sent, and
the recipient's relay returns an "ok" element, then the
recipient is considered to be successfully processed.
3. Otherwise, if the recipient endpoint is in the same
administrative domain as the relay, the APEX access service
must check that the originator endpoint is allowed to
communicate with the recipient endpoint (the access entries
[10] whose "owner" is the recipient must contain a "core:data"
token for the originator), and the recipient endpoint must be
currently attached.
If so, a new "data" element, containing only that "recipient"
element, is sent to the corresponding application. If the
recipient's endpoint returns an "ok" element, then the
recipient is considered to be successfully processed.
Providing that these semantics are preserved, a relay may choose to
optimize its behavior by grouping multiple recipients in a single
"data" element that is subsequently transmitted.
Finally, note that a relay receiving a "data" element from an
application may be configured to add administrative-specific options.
Regardless, all relays are eXPressly forbidden from modifying the
content of the "data" element at any time.
4.4.4.2 Application Processing of Data
When an application receives a "data" element, it performs these
steps:
1. If any per-data or per-originator options are present, they are
not processed (but may be noted).
2. For each recipient:
1. If any per-recipient options are present, they are not
processed (but may be noted).
2. If the application is not attached as the recipient endpoint,
then an error in processing has occurred.
3. Otherwise, the "data" element is further processed in an
application-specific manner, and the recipient is considered to
be successfully processed.
3. If no recipients could be successfully processed, an "error"
element is returned; otherwise, an "ok" element is returned.
4.5 APEX Access Policies
Access to APEX is provided by the juxtaposition of:
o authenticating as a BEEP peer;
o attaching as an APEX endpoint or binding as an APEX relay; and,
o being listed as an actor by the APEX access service (c.f., [10]).
Each of these activities occurs according to the policies of the
relevant administrative domain:
o each administrative domain is responsible for keeping its own
house in order through "local provisioning"; and,
o each administrative domain decides the level of trust to associate
with other administrative domains.
4.5.1 Access Policies in the Endpoint-Relay Mode
o When an application wants to attach to the relaying mesh, local
provisioning maps BEEP peer identities to allowed APEX endpoints
(c.f., Step 3 of Section 4.4.1).
Typically, the identity function is used, e.g., if an application
authenticates itself as the BEEP peer named as "fred@example.com",
it is allowed to attach as the APEX endpoint named as
"fred@example.com".
However, using the "subaddress" convention of Section 2.2, an
application authorized to attach as a given APEX endpoint is also
authorized to attach as any subaddress of that APEX endpoint,
e.g., an application authorized to attach as the APEX endpoint
"fred@example.com" is also authorized to attach as the APEX
endpoint "fred/appl=wb@example.com".
o When an application wants to send data, local provisioning maps
attached endpoints to allowed originators (c.f., Step 1 of Section
4.4.4.1).
Typically, the identity function is used, e.g., if an application
attaches as the APEX endpoint named as "fred@example.com", it is
allowed to send data originating from the same APEX endpoint.
However, other policies are permissible, for example, the
administrative domain may allow the application attached as the
APEX endpoint named as "wilma@example.com" to send data
originating as either "wilma@example.com" or "fred@example.com".
o Finally, when a relay is delivering to an endpoint within its own
administrative domain, it consults the recipient's access entry
looking for an entry having the originator as an actor (c.f., Step
5.3 of Section 4.4.4.1).
4.5.2 Access Policies in the Relay-Relay Mode
o When an application wants to bind as a relay on behalf of an
administrative domain, local provisioning may map BEEP peer
identities to allowed APEX relays (c.f., Step 3).
If so, then typically the identity function is used. e.g., if an
application authenticates itself as the BEEP peer named as
"example.com", it is allowed to bind as a relay on behalf of the
administrative domain "example.com".
o When a relay is sending data, no access policies, per se, are
applied.
o When a relay is receiving data, local provisioning maps BEEP peer
identities to allowed originators (c.f., Step 1 of Section
4.4.4.1).
Typically, the identity function is used, e.g., if a relay
authenticates itself as being from the same administrative domain
as the originator of the data, then the data is accepted.
In addition, some relays may also be configured as "trusted"
intermediaries, so that if a BEEP peer authenticates itself as
being from such a relay, then the data is accepted.
5. APEX Options
APEX, at its core, provides a best-effort datagram service. Options
are used to alter the semantics of the core service.
The semantics of the APEX "option" element are context-specific.
Accordingly, the specification of an APEX option must define:
o the identity of the option;
o the context in which the option may appear;
o what content, if any, is contained within the option; and,
o the processing rules for the option.
An option registration template (Section 7.1) organizes this
information.
An "option" element is contained within either a "data",
"originator", "recipient", or an "attach" element, all of which are
termed the "containing" element. The "option" element has several
attributes and contains arbitrary content:
o the "internal" and the "external" attributes, exactly one of which
is present, uniquely identify the option;
o the "targetHop" attribute specifies which relays should process
the option;
o the "mustUnderstand" attribute specifies whether the option, if
unrecognized, must cause an error in processing to occur;
o the "transID" attribute specifies a transaction-identifier for the
option; and,
o the "localize" attribute, if present, specifies one or more
language tokens, each identifying a desirable language tag to be
used if textual diagnostics are returned to the originator.
Note that if the containing element is an "attach", then the values
of the "targetHop" and "transID" attributes are ignored.
The value of the "internal" attribute is the IANA-registered name for
the option. If the "internal" attribute is not present, then the
value of the "external" attribute is a URI or URI with a fragment-
identifier. Note that a relative-URI value is not allowed.
The "targetHop" attribute specifies which relay(s) should process the
option:
this: the option applies to this relay, and must be removed prior
to transmitting the containing element.
final: the option applies to this relay, only if the relay will
transmit the containing element directly to the recipient.
all: the option applies to this relay and is retained for the
next.
Note that a final relay does not remove any options as it transmits
the containing element directly to the recipient.
The "mustUnderstand" attribute specifies whether the relay may ignore
the option if it is unrecognized, and is consulted only if the
"targetHop" attribute indicates that the option applies to that
relay. If the option applies, and if the value of the
"mustUnderstand" attribute is "true", and if the relay does not
"understand" the option, then an error in processing has occurred.
5.1 The statusRequest Option
Section 8.4 contains the APEX option registration for the
"statusRequest" option.
If this option is present, then each applicable relay sends a
"statusResponse" message to the originator. This is done by issuing
a data operation whose originator is the report service associated
with the issuing relay, whose recipient is the endpoint address of
the "statusRequest" originator, and whose content is a
"statusResponse" element.
A "statusRequest" option MUST NOT be present in any data operation
containing a "statusResponse" element. In general, applications
should be careful to avoid potential looping behaviors if an option
is received in error.
Consider these examples:
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
appl. relay
#1 <--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
relay appl.
<--------- ok -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
<------- data --
appl. relay
#1 -- ok --------->
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='#Content'>
<originator identity='apex=report@example.com' />
<recipient identity='fred@example.com' />
<data-content Name='Content'>
<statusResponse transID='86'>
<destination identity='barney@example.com'>
<reply code='250' />
</destination>
</statusResponse>
</data-content>
</data>
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
appl. relay
#1 <--------- ok --
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
<------- data --
appl. relay
#1 -- ok --------->
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='#Content'>
<originator identity='apex=report@example.com' />
<recipient identity='fred@example.com' />
<data-content Name='Content'>
<statusResponse transID='86'>
<destination identity='barney@example.com'>
<reply code='550'>unknown endpoint
identity</reply>
</destination>
</statusResponse>
</data-content>
</data>
S: <ok />
or
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
appl. relay
#1 <--------- ok -- #1
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@rubble.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
relay relay
#1 <--------- ok -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@rubble.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
-- data ------->
relay appl.
#2 <--------- ok -- #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='cid:1@example.com'>
<originator identity='fred@example.com' />
<recipient identity='barney@example.com' />
<option internal='statusRequest' targetHop='final'
mustUnderstand='true' transID='86' />
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
<------- data --
relay relay
#1 -- ok ---------> #2
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='#Content'>
<originator identity='apex=report@rubble.com' />
<recipient identity='fred@example.com' />
<data-content Name='Content'>
<statusResponse transID='86'>
<destination identity='barney@rubble.com'>
<reply code='250' />
</destination>
</statusResponse>
</data-content>
</data>
S: <ok />
+-------+ +-------+
<------- data --
appl. relay
#1 -- ok ---------> #1
+-------+ +-------+
C: <data content='#Content'>
<originator identity='apex=report@rubble.com' />
<recipient identity='fred@example.com' />
<data-content Name='Content'>
<statusResponse transID='86'>
<destination identity='barney@rubble.com'>
<reply code='250' />
</destination>
</statusResponse>
</data-content>
</data>
S: <ok />
Note that a trace of a data's passage through the relaying mesh can
be achieved by setting the "targetHop" attribute to "all".
6. APEX Services
APEX, at its core, provides a best-effort datagram service. Within
an administrative domain, all relays must be able to handle messages
for any endpoint within that administrative domain. APEX services
are logically defined as endpoints but, given their ubiquitous
semantics, they do not necessarily need to be associated with a
single physical endpoint. As such, they may be provisioned co-
resident with each relay within an administrative domain, even though
they are logically provided on top of the relaying mesh, i.e.,
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +---------+
APEX APEX APEX
access presence report ...
service service service
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +---------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
APEX core
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
That is, applications communicate with an APEX service by exchanging
data with a "well-known endpoint" (WKE).
For example, APEX applications communicate with the report service by
exchanging data with the well-known endpoint "apex=report" in the
corresponding administrative domain, e.g., "apex=report@example.com"
is the endpoint associated with the report service in the
"example.com" administrative domain.
The specification of an APEX service must define:
o the WKE of the service;
o the syntax and sequence of messages exchanged with the service;
o what access control tokens are consulted by the service.
A service registration template (Section 7.2) organizes this
information.
Finally, note that within a single administrative domain, the
relaying mesh makes use of the APEX access service in order to
determine if an originator is allowed to transmit data to a recipient
(c.f., Step 5.3 of Section 4.4.4.1).
6.1 Use of the APEX Core DTD
The specification of an APEX service may use definitions found in the
APEX core DTD (Section 9.1). For example, the reply operation
(Section 6.1.2) is defined to provide a common format for responses.
6.1.1 Transaction-Identifiers
In using APEX's transaction-identifiers, note the following:
o In the endpoint-relay and relay-relay modes, transaction-
identifiers are meaningful only during the lifetime of a BEEP
channel.
For example, when an application issues the attach operation, the
associated transaction-identifier has meaning only within the
context of the BEEP channel used for the attach operation. When
the BEEP connection is released, the channel no longer exists and
the application is no longer attached to the relaying mesh.
o In contrast, when an application communicates with an APEX
service, transaction-identifiers are often embedded in the data
that is sent. This means that transaction-identifiers are
potentially long-lived.
For example, an application may attach as an endpoint, send data
(containing an embedded transaction-identifier) to a service, and,
some time later, detach from the relaying mesh. Later on, a
second application may attach as the same endpoint, and send data
of its own (also containing embedded transaction-identifiers).
Subsequently, the second application may receive data from the
service responding to the first application's request and
containing the transaction-identifier used by the first
application.
To minimize the likelihood of ambiguities with long-lived
transaction-identifiers, the values of transaction-identifiers
generated by applications should appear to be unpredictable.
6.1.2 The Reply Element
Many APEX services make use of a reply operation. Although each
service defines the circumstances in which a "reply" element is sent,
the syntax of the "reply" element is defined in Section 9.1.
The "reply" element has a "code" attribute, a "transID" attribute, an
optional "xml:lang" attribute, and may contain arbitrary textual
content:
o the "code" element specifies a three-digit reply code (c.f.,
Section 10);
o the "transID" attribute specifies the transaction-identifier
corresponding to this reply;
o the "xml:lang" attribute, if present, specifies the language that
the element's content is written in; and,
o the textual content is a diagnostic (possibly multiline) which is
meaningful to implementers, perhaps administrators, and possibly
even users.
6.2 The Report Service
Section 8.5 contains the APEX service registration for the report
service:
o Within an administrative domain, the service is addressed using
the well-known endpoint of "apex=report".
o Section 9.2 defines the syntax of the operations exchanged with
the service.
o A consumer of the service does not initiate communications with
the service.
o The service initiates communications by sending data containing
the "statusResponse" operation.
If a relay processes a "statusRequest" option (Section 5.1), then it
sends data to the originator containing a "statusResponse" element
(Section 9.2).
The "statusResponse" element has a "transID" attribute and contains
one or more "destination" elements:
o the "transID" attribute specifies the value contained in the
"statusRequest" option; and,
o each "destination" element has an "identity" attribute and
contains a "reply" element:
* the "identity" attribute specifies the recipient endpoint that
is being reported on; and,
* the "reply" element (Section 6.1.2) specifies the delivery
status of that recipient.
7. Registration Templates
7.1 APEX Option Registration Template
When an APEX option is registered, the following information is
supplied:
Option Identification: specify the NMTOKEN or the URI that
authoritatively identifies this option.
Present in: specify the APEX elements in which the option may appear.
Contains: specify the XML content that is contained within the
"option" element.
Processing Rules: specify the processing rules associated with the
option.
Contact Information: specify the postal and electronic contact
information for the author of the profile.
7.2 APEX Service Registration Template
When an APEX service is registered, the following information is
supplied:
Well-Known Endpoint: specify the local-part of an endpoint identity,
starting with "apex=".
Syntax of Messages Exchanged: specify the elements exchanged with the
service.
Sequence of Messages Exchanged: specify the order in which data is
exchanged with the service.
Access Control Tokens: specify the token(s) used to control access to
the service (c.f., [10]).
Contact Information: specify the postal and electronic contact
information for the author of the profile.
Note that the endpoints "apex=all" and "apex=core" may not be
assigned.
7.3 APEX Endpoint Application Registration Template
When an APEX endpoint application is registered, the following
information is supplied:
Endpoint Application: specify the subaddress used for an endpoint
application, starting with "appl=".
Application Definition: specify the syntax and semantics of the
endpoint application identified by this registration.
Contact Information: specify the postal and electronic contact
information for the author of the profile.
8. Initial Registrations
8.1 Registration: The APEX Profile
Profile Identification: http://iana.org/beep/APEX
Messages exchanged during Channel Creation: "attach", "bind"
Messages starting one-to-one exchanges: "attach", "bind",
"terminate", or "data"
Messages in positive replies: "ok"
Messages in negative replies: "error"
Messages in one-to-many exchanges: none
Message Syntax: c.f., Section 9.1
Message Semantics: c.f., Section 4.4
Contact Information: c.f., the "Authors' Addresses" section of this
memo
8.2 Registration: The System (Well-Known) TCP port number for apex-mesh
Protocol Number: TCP
Message Formats, Types, Opcodes, and Sequences: c.f., Section 9.1
Functions: c.f., Section 4.4
Use of Broadcast/Multicast: none
Proposed Name: APEX relay-relay service
Short name: apex-mesh
Contact Information: c.f., the "Authors' Addresses" section of this
memo
8.3 Registration: The System (Well-Known) TCP port number for apex-edge
Protocol Number: TCP
Message Formats, Types, Opcodes, and Sequences: c.f., Section 9.1
Functions: c.f., Section 4.4
Use of Broadcast/Multicast: none
Proposed Name: APEX endpoint-relay service
Short name: apex-edge
Contact Information: c.f., the "Authors' Addresses" section of this
memo
8.4 Registration: The statusRequest Option
Option Identification: statusRequest
Present in: APEX's "data" and "recipient" elements
Contains: nothing
Processing Rules: c.f., Section 5.1
Contact Information: c.f., the "Authors' Addresses" section of this
memo
8.5 Registration: The Report Service
Well-Known Endpoint: apex=report
Syntax of Messages Exchanged: c.f., Section 9.2
Sequence of Messages Exchanged: c.f., Section 6.2
Access Control Tokens: none
Contact Information: c.f., the "Authors' Addresses" section of this
memo
9. DTDs
9.1 The APEX Core DTD
<!--
DTD for the APEX core, as of 2001-07-09
Refer to this DTD as:
<!ENTITY % APEXCORE PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD APEX CORE//EN" "">
%APEXCORE;
-->
<!ENTITY % BEEP PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BEEP//EN" "">
%BEEP;
<!--
DTD data types:
entity syntax/reference example
====== ================ =======
APEX endpoint
ENDPOINT entity, fred@example.com
c.f., Section 2.2
domain, either a FQDN or a literal
DOMAIN c.f., [RFC-2821] example.com or [10.0.0.1]
seconds
SECONDS 0..2147483647 600
timestamp
TIMESTAMP c.f., [12] 2000-05-15T13:02:00-08:00
unique-identifier
UNIQID 1..2147483647 42
unique-identifier OR zero
UNIZID 0..2147483647 0
-->
<!ENTITY % ENDPOINT "CDATA">
<!ENTITY % DOMAIN "CDATA">
<!ENTITY % SECONDS "CDATA">
<!ENTITY % TIMESTAMP "CDATA">
<!ENTITY % UNIQID "CDATA">
<!ENTITY % UNIZID "CDATA">
<!--
APEX messages, exchanged as application/beep+xml
role MSG RPY ERR
====== === === ===
I attach ok error
I or L bind ok error
I or L terminate ok error
I or L data ok error
-->
<!ELEMENT attach (option*)>
<!ATTLIST attach
endpoint %ENDPOINT; #REQUIRED
transID %UNIQID; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT bind (option*)>
<!ATTLIST bind
relay %DOMAIN; #REQUIRED
transID %UNIQID; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT terminate (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST terminate
code %XYZ; "250"
xml:lang %LANG; #IMPLIED
transID %UNIZID; "0">
<!ELEMENT data (originator,recipient+,option*,data-content?)>
<!ATTLIST data
content %URI; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT originator (option*)>
<!ATTLIST originator
identity %ENDPOINT; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT recipient (option*)>
<!ATTLIST recipient
identity %ENDPOINT; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT data-content
ANY>
<!ATTLIST Name ID #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT ok EMPTY>
<!ELEMENT reply (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST reply
code %XYZ; #REQUIRED
transID %UNIQID; #REQUIRED
xml:lang %LANG; #IMPLIED>
<!-- either the "internal" or the "external" attribute is present in
an option -->
<!ELEMENT option ANY>
<!ATTLIST option
internal NMTOKEN ""
external %URI; ""
targetHop (thisfinalall) "final"
mustUnderstand
(truefalse) "false"
transID %UNIQID; #REQUIRED
localize %LOCS; "i-default">
9.2 The Report Service DTD
<!--
DTD for the APEX report service, as of 2000-12-12
Refer to this DTD as:
<!ENTITY % APEXREPORT PUBLIC "-//Blocks//DTD APEX REPORT//EN" "">
%APEXREPORT;
-->
<!ENTITY % APEXCORE PUBLIC "-//Blocks//DTD APEX CORE//EN" "">
%APEXCORE;
<!--
Synopsis of the APEX report service
service WKE: apex=report
message exchanges:
service initiates consumer replies
================= ================
statusResponse (nothing)
access control tokens: none
-->
<!ELEMENT statusResponse
(destination+)>
<!ATTLIST statusResponse
transID %UNIQID; #REQUIRED>
<!ELEMENT destination (reply)>
<!ATTLIST destination
identity %ENDPOINT; #REQUIRED>
10. Reply Codes
code meaning
==== =======
250 transaction successful
421 service not available
450 requested action not taken
451 requested action aborted
454 temporary authentication failure
500 general syntax error (e.g., poorly-formed XML)
501 syntax error in parameters (e.g., non-valid XML)
504 parameter not implemented
530 authentication required
534 authentication mechanism insufficient
535 authentication failure
537 action not authorized for user
538 authentication mechanism requires encryption
550 requested action not taken
553 parameter invalid
554 transaction failed (e.g., policy violation)
555 transaction already in progress
11. Security Considerations
Consult Section 3 and Section 4.5 for a discussion of security
issues, e.g., relaying integrity.
Although service provisioning is a policy matter, at a minimum, all
APEX implementations must provide the following tuning profiles:
for authentication: http://iana.org/beep/SASL/DIGEST-MD5
for confidentiality: http://iana.org/beep/TLS (using the
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA cipher)
for both: http://iana.org/beep/TLS (using the
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA cipher supporting client-side
certificates)
Further, APEX endpoint implementations may choose to offer MIME-based
security services providing message integrity and confidentiality,
such as OpenPGP [13] or S/MIME [14].
Regardless, since APEX is a profile of the BEEP, consult [1]'s
Section 9 for a discussion of BEEP-specific security issues.
Finally, the statusRequest option (Section 5.1) may be used to expose
private network topology. Accordingly, an administrator may wish to
choose to disable this option except at the ingress/egress points for
its administrative domain.
References
[1] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", RFC
3080, March 2001.
[2] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC2234, November 1997.
[3] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC2821, April
2001.
[4] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO
10646", RFC2044, October 1996.
[5] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P. and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC2782,
February 2000.
[6] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC2396, August
1998.
[7] Levinson, E., "The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type", RFC
2387, August 1998.
[8] Levinson, E., "Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource
Locators", RFC2392, August 1998.
[9] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
RFC2045, November 1996.
[10] Rose, M., Klyne, G. and D. Crocker, "The Application Exchange
(APEX) Access Service", RFC3341, July 2002.
[11] Rose, M., Klyne, G. and D. Crocker, "The Application Exchange
(APEX) Presence Service", Work in Progress.
[12] Newman, C. and G. Klyne, "Date and Time on the Internet:
Timestamps", RFC3339, July 2002.
[13] Elkins, M., Del Torto, D., Levien, R. and T. Roessler, "MIME
Security with OpenPGP", RFC3156, August 2001.
[14] Ramsdell, B., "S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification", RFC
2633, June 1999.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of: Jeffrey
Altman, Harald Alvestrand, Eric Dixon, Ronan Klyne, Darren New, Chris
Newman, Scott Pead, and Bob Wyman.
Appendix B. IANA Considerations
The IANA has registered "APEX" as a standards-track BEEP profile, as
specified in Section 8.1.
The IANA has registered "apex-mesh" as a TCP port number, as
specified in Section 8.2.
The IANA has registered "apex-edge" as a TCP port number, as
specified in Section 8.3.
The IANA maintains a list of:
o APEX options, c.f., Section 7.1;
o APEX services, c.f., Section 7.2; and,
o APEX endpoint applications, c.f., Section 7.3.
For each list, the IESG is responsible for assigning a designated
expert to review the specification prior to the IANA making the
assignment. As a courtesy to developers of non-standards track APEX
options and services, the mailing list apexwg@invisible.net may be
used to solicit commentary.
The IANA makes the registrations specified in Section 8.4 and Section
8.5.
Authors' Addresses
Marshall T. Rose
Dover Beach Consulting, Inc.
POB 255268
Sacramento, CA 95865-5268
US
Phone: +1 916 483 8878
EMail: mrose@dbc.mtview.ca.us
Graham Klyne
Clearswift Corporation
1310 Waterside
Arlington Business Park
Theale, Reading RG7 4SA
UK
Phone: +44 11 8903 8903
EMail: Graham.Klyne@MIMEsweeper.com
David H. Crocker
Brandenburg InternetWorking
675 Spruce Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
US
Phone: +1 408 246 8253
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