* SQL Group Functions (num can be a column or eXPression) *
(null values are ignored, default between distinct and all is all)*
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AVG([distinct or all] num)-- average value
COUNT(distinct or all] num) -- number of values
MAX([distinct or all] num)-- maximum value
MAX([distinct or all] num)-- minimum value
STDDEV([distinct or all] num) -- standard deviation
SUM([distinct or all] num)-- sum of values
VARIANCE([distinct or all] num) -- variance of values
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* Miscellaneaous Functions :*
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DECODE(expr, srch1, return1 [,srch2, return2...], default]
-- if no search matches the expression then the default is returned,
-- otherwise, the first search that matches will cause
-- the corresponding return value to be returned
DUMP(column_name [,fmt [,start_pos [, length]]])
-- returns an internal Oracle format, used for getting info about a column
-- format options : 8 = octal, 10 = decimel, 16 = hex, 17 = characters
-- return type codes : 1 = varchar2, 2 = number, 8 = long, 12 = date,
-- 23 = raw, 24 = long raw, 69 = rowid, 96 = char, 106 = mlslabel
GREATEST(expr [,expr2 [, expr3...]]
-- returns the largest value of all expressions
LEAST(expr [,expr2 [, expr3...]]
-- returns the smallest value of all expressions
NVL(expr1 ,expr2
-- if expr1 is not null, it is returned, otherwise expr2 is returned
SQLCODE
-- returns sql error code of last error.Can not be used directly in query,
-- value must be set to local variable first
SQLERRM
-- returns sql error message of last error.Can not be used directly in query,
-- value must be set to local variable first
UID
-- returns the user id of the user you are logged on as
-- useful in selecting information from low level sys tables
USER
-- returns the user name of the user you are logged on as
USERENV('option')
-- returns information about the user you are logged on as
-- options : ENTRYID, SESSIONID, TERMINAL, LANGUAGE, LABEL, OSDBA
-- (all options not available in all Oracle versions)
VSIZE(expr)
-- returns the number of bytes used by the expression
-- useful in selecting information about table space requirements
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* SQL Date Functions (dt represents oracle date and time) *
* (functions return an oracle date unless otherwise specified)*
*******************************************************************************
ADD_MONTHS(dt, num)-- adds num months to dt (num can be negative)
LAST_DAY(dt) -- last day of month in month containing dt
MONTHS_BETWEEN(dt1, dt2) -- returns fractional value of months between dt1, dt2
NEW_TIME(dt, tz1, tz2) -- dt = date in time zone 1, returns date in time zone 2
NEXT_DAY(dt, str)-- date of first (str) after dt (str = 'Monday', etc..)
SYSDATE-- present system date
ROUND(dt [,fmt]-- rounds dt as specified by format fmt
TRUNC(dt [,fmt]-- truncates dt as specified by format fmt
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* Number Functions :*
*******************************************************************************
ABS(num) -- absolute value of num
CEIL(num)-- smallest integer or = num
COS(num) -- cosine(num), num in radians
COSH(num)-- hyperbolic cosine(num)
EXP(num) -- e raised to the num power
FLOOR(num) -- largest integer <
or = num
LN(num)-- natural logarithm of num
LOG(num2, num1)-- logarithm base num2 of num1
MOD(num2, num1)-- remainder of num2 / num1
POWER(num2, num1)-- num2 raised to the num1 power
ROUND(num1 [,num2] -- num1 rounded to num2 decimel places (default 0)
SIGN(num)-- sign of num * 1, 0 if num = 0
SIN(num) -- sin(num), num in radians
SINH(num)-- hyperbolic sine(num)
SQRT(num)-- square root of num
TAN(num) -- tangent(num), num in radians
TANH(num)-- hyperbolic tangent(num)
TRUNC(num1 [,num2] -- truncate num1 to num2 decimel places (default 0)
*******************************************************************************
* String Functions, String Result : *
*******************************************************************************
(num) -- ASCII character for num
CHR(num)-- ASCII character for num
CONCAT(str1, str2)-- str1 concatenated with str2 (same as str1str2)
INITCAP(str)-- capitalize first letter of each Word in str
LOWER(str)-- str with all letters in lowercase
LPAD(str1, num [,str2]) -- left pad str1 to length num with str2 (default spaces)
LTRIM(str [,set]) -- remove set from left side of str (default spaces)
NLS_INITCAP(str [,nls_val]) -- same as initcap for different languages
NLS_LOWER(str [,nls_val]) -- same as lower for different languages
REPLACE(str1, str2 [,str3]) -- replaces str2 with str3 in str1
-- deletes str2 from str1 if str3 is omitted
RPAD(str1, num [,str2]) -- right pad str1 to length num with str2 (default spaces)
RTRIM(str [,set]) -- remove set from right side of str (default spaces)
SOUNDEX(str)-- phonetic representation of str
SUBSTR(str, num2 [,num1]) -- substring of str, starting with num2,
-- num1 characters (to end of str if num1 is omitted)
SUBSTRB(str, num2 [,num1])-- same as substr but num1, num2 expressed in bytes
TRANSLATE(str, set1, set2)-- replaces set1 in str with set2
-- if set2 is longer than set1, it will be truncated
UPPER(str)-- str with all letters in uppercase
*******************************************************************************
* String Functions, Numeric Result :*
*******************************************************************************
ASCII(str)-- ASCII value of str
INSTR(str1, str2 [,num1 [,num2]]) -- position of num2th occurrence of
-- str2 in str1, starting at num1
-- (num1, num2 default to 1)
INSTRB(str1,
str2 [,num1 [num2]]) -- same as instr, byte values for num1, num2
LENGTH(str) -- number of characters in str
LENGTHB(str)-- number of bytes in str
NLSSORT(str [,nls_val])
