The accessor-declarations of a property specify the
executable statements associated with reading and
writing that property.
accessor-declarations:
get-accessor-declaration set-accessor-declarationopt
set-accessor-declaration get-accessor-declarationopt
get-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt get accessor-body
set-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt set accessor-body
accessor-body:
block
;
The accessor declarations consist of a get-accessor-declaration, a
set-accessor-declaration, or both. Each
accessor declaration consists of the token get or set followed by an
accessor-body. For abstract and extern
properties, the accessor-body for each accessor specified is simply a
semicolon. For the accessors of any nonabstract,
non-extern property, the accessor-body is a block which specifies the
statements to be executed when
the corresponding accessor is invoked.
A get accessor corresponds to a parameterless method with a return value of
the property type. Except as the
target of an assignment, when a property is referenced in an expression,
the get accessor of the property is
invoked to compute the value of the property (§14.1.1). The body of a get
accessor must conform to the rules for
value-returning methods described in §17.5.8. In particular, all return
statements in the body of a get accessor
must specify an expression that is implicitly convertible to the property
type. Furthermore, the endpoint of a get
accessor must not be reachable.
A set accessor corresponds to a method with a single value parameter of the
property type and a void return
type. The implicit parameter of a set accessor is always named value. When
a property is referenced as the
target of an assignment (§14.13), or as the operand of ++ or .- (§14.5.9,
14.6.5), the set accessor is invoked
with an argument (whose value is that of the right-hand side of the
assignment or the operand of the ++ or .-
operator) that provides the new value (§14.13.1). The body of a set
accessor must conform to the rules for void
methods described in §17.5.8. In particular, return statements in the set
accessor body are not permitted to
specify an expression. Since a set accessor implicitly has a parameter
named value, it is a compile-time error
for a local variable declaration or a local constant declaration in a set
accessor to have that name.
Based on the presence or absence of the get and set accessors, a property
is classified as follows:
. A property that includes both a get accessor and a set accessor is said
to be a read-write property.
. A property that has only a get accessor is said to be a read-only
property. It is a compile-time error for a
read-only property to be the target of an assignment.
. A property that has only a set accessor is said to be a write-only
property. Except as the target of an
assignment, it is a compile-time error to reference a write-only property
in an expression. [Note: The pre- and
postfix ++ and -- operators cannot be applied to write-only properties,
since these operators read the old
value of their operand before they write the new one. end note]
[Example: In the example
public class Button: Control
{
private string caption;
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242
public string Caption {
get {
return caption;
}
set {
if (caption != value) {
caption = value;
Repaint();
}
}
}
public override void Paint(Graphics g, Rectangle r) {
// Painting code goes here
}
}
the Button control declares a public Caption property. The get accessor of
the Caption property returns the
string stored in the private caption field. The set accessor checks if the
new value is different from the current
value, and if so, it stores the new value and repaints the control.
Properties often follow the pattern shown above:
The get accessor simply returns a value stored in a private field, and the
set accessor modifies that private field
and then performs any additional actions required to fully update the state
of the object.
Given the Button class above, the following is an example of use of the
Caption property:
Button okButton = new Button();
okButton.Caption = "OK"; // Invokes set accessor
string s = okButton.Caption; // Invokes get accessor
Here, the set accessor is invoked by assigning a value to the property, and
the get accessor is invoked by
referencing the property in an expression. end example]
The get and set accessors of a property are not distinct members, and it is
not possible to declare the accessors
of a property separately. [Note: As such, it is not possible for the two
accessors of a read-write property to have
different accessibility. end note] [Example: The example
class A
{
private string name;
public string Name { // Error, duplicate member name
get { return name; }
}
public string Name { // Error, duplicate member name
set { name = value; }
}
}
does not declare a single read-write property. Rather, it declares two
properties with the same name, one readonly
and one write-only. Since two members declared in the same class cannot
have the same name, the example
causes a compile-time error to occur. end example]
When a derived class declares a property by the same name as an inherited
property, the derived property hides
the inherited property with respect to both reading and writing. [Example:
In the example
class A
{
public int P {
set {.}
}
}
class B: A
{
new public int P {
get {.}
}
}
Chapter 17 Classes
243
the P property in B hides the P property in A with respect to both reading
and writing. Thus, in the statements
B b = new B();
b.P = 1; // Error, B.P is read-only
((A)b).P = 1; // Ok, reference to A.P
the assignment to b.P causes a compile-time error to be reported, since the
read-only P property in B hides the
write-only P property in A. Note, however, that a cast can be used to
access the hidden P property. end example]
Unlike public fields, properties provide a separation between an object.s
internal state and its public interface.
[Example: Consider the example:
class Label
{
private int x, y;
private string caption;
public Label(int x, int y, string caption) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.caption = caption;
}
public int X {
get { return x; }
}
public int Y {
get { return y; }
}
public Point Location {
get { return new Point(x, y); }
}
public string Caption {
get { return caption; }
}
}
Here, the Label class uses two int fields, x and y, to store its location.
The location is publicly exposed both as
an X and a Y property and as a Location property of type Point. If, in a
future version of Label, it becomes
more convenient to store the location as a Point internally, the change can
be made without affecting the public
interface of the class:
class Label
{
private Point location;
private string caption;
public Label(int x, int y, string caption) {
this.location = new Point(x, y);
this.caption = caption;
}
public int X {
get { return location.x; }
}
public int Y {
get { return location.y; }
}
public Point Location {
get { return location; }
}
public string Caption {
get { return caption; }
}
}
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244
Had x and y instead been public readonly fields, it would have been
impossible to make such a change to the
Label class. end example]
[Note: Exposing state through properties is not necessarily any less
efficient than exposing fields directly. In
particular, when a property is non-virtual and contains only a small amount
of code, the execution environment
may replace calls to accessors with the actual code of the accessors. This
process is known as inlining, and it
makes property access as efficient as field access, yet preserves the
increased flexibility of properties. end note]
[Example: Since invoking a get accessor is conceptually equivalent to
reading the value of a field, it is
considered bad programming style for get accessors to have observable
side-effects. In the example
class Counter
{
private int next;
public int Next {
get { return next++; }
}
}
the value of the Next property depends on the number of times the property
has previously been accessed. Thus,
accessing the property produces an observable side effect, and the property
should be implemented as a method
instead. end example]
[Note: The .no side-effects. convention for get accessors doesn.t mean that
get accessors should always be
written to simply return values stored in fields. Indeed, get accessors
often compute the value of a property by
accessing multiple fields or invoking methods. However, a properly designed
get accessor performs no actions
that cause observable changes in the state of the object. end note]
Properties can be used to delay initialization of a resource until the
moment it is first referenced. [Example: For
example:
using System.IO;
public class Console
{
private static TextReader reader;
private static TextWriter writer;
private static TextWriter error;
public static TextReader In {
get {
if (reader == null) {
reader = new StreamReader(Console.OpenStandardInput());
}
return reader;
}
}
public static TextWriter Out {
get {
if (writer == null) {
writer = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput());
}
return writer;
}
}
public static TextWriter Error {
get {
if (error == null) {
error = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardError());
}
return error;
}
}
.
}
Chapter 17 Classes
245
The Console class contains three properties, In, Out, and Error, that
represent the standard input, output, and
error devices, respectively. By exposing these members as properties, the
Console class can delay their
initialization until they are actually used. For example, upon first
referencing the Out property, as in
Console.Out.WriteLine("hello, world");
the underlying TextWriter for the output device is created. But if the
application makes no reference to the In
and Error properties, then no objects are created for those devices. end
example]
