[zt] Codepage简介 - 王朝网络

1. Codepage的定义和历史

字符内码(charcter code)指的是用来代表字符的内码.读者在输入和存储文档时都要使用内码,内码分为

单字节内码 -- Single-Byte character sets (SBCS),可以支持256个字符编码.

双字节内码 -- Double-Byte character sets)(DBCS),可以支持65000个字符编码.主要用来对大字符集的东方文字进行编码. codepage 指的是一个经过挑选的以特定顺序排列的字符内码列表,对于早期的单字节内码的语种,codepage中的内码顺序使得系统可以按照此列表来根据键盘的输入值给出一个对应的内码.对于双字节内码,则给出的是MultiByte到Unicode的对应表,这样就可以把以Unicode形式存放的字符转化为相应的字符内码,或者反之,在Linux核心中对应的函数就是utf8_mbtowc和utf8_wctomb.

在1980年前,仍然没有任何国际标准如ISO-8859或Unicode来定义如何扩展US-ASCII编码以便非英语国家的用户使用.很多IT 厂商发明了他们自己的编码,并且使用了难以记忆的数目来标识:

例如936代表简体中文. 950代表繁体中文.

1.1 CJK Codepage

同 Extended Unix Coding ( EUC )编码大不一样的是,下面所有的远东 codepage 都利用了C1控制码 { =80..=9F } 做为首字节, 使用ASCII值 { =40..=7E { 做为第二字节,这样才能包含多达数万个双字节字符,这表明在这种编码之中小于3F的ASCII值不一定代表ASCII字符.

CP932

Shift-JIS包含日本语 charset JIS X 0201 (每个字符一个字节) 和 JIS X 0208 (每个字符两个字节),所以 JIS X 0201平假名包含一个字节半宽的字符,其剩馀的60个字节被用做7076个汉字以及648个其他全宽字符的首字节.同EUC-JP编码区别的是, Shift-JIS没有包含JIS X 202中定义的5802个汉字.

CP936

GBK 扩展了 EUC-CN 编码( GB 2312-80编码,包含 6763 个汉字)到Unicode (GB13000.1-93)中定义的20902个汉字,中国大陆使用的是简体中文zh_CN.

CP949

UnifiedHangul (UHC) 是韩文 EUC-KR 编码(KS C 5601-1992 编码,包括2350 韩文音节和 4888 个汉字a)的超集,包含 8822个附加的韩文音节( 在C1中 )

CP950

是代替EUC-TW (CNS 11643-1992)的 Big5 编码(13072 繁体 zh_TW 中文字) 繁体中文,这些定义都在Ken Lunde的 CJK.INF中或者 Unicode 编码表中找到.

注意: Microsoft采用以上四种Codepage,因此要访问Microsoft的文件系统时必需采用上面的Codepage .

1.2 IBM的远东语言Codepage

IBM的Codepage分为SBCS和DBCS两种:

IBM SBCS Codepage

37 (英文) *

290 (日文) *

833 (韩文) *

836 (简体中文) *

891 (韩文)

897 (日文)

903 (简体中文)

904 (繁体中文)

IBM DBCS Codepage

300 (日文) *

301 (日文)

834 (韩文) *

835 (繁体中文) *

837 (简体中文) *

926 (韩文)

927 (繁体中文)

928 (简体中文)

将SBCS的Codepage和DBCS的Codepage混合起来就成为: IBM MBCS Codepage

930 (日文) (Codepage 300 加 290) *

932 (日文) (Codepage 301 加 897)

933 (韩文) (Codepage 834 加 833) *

934 (韩文) (Codepage 926 加 891)

938 (繁体中文) (Codepage 927 加 904)

936 (简体中文) (Codepage 928 加 903)

5031 (简体中文) (Codepage 837 加 836) *

5033 (繁体中文) (Codepage 835 加 37) *

*代表采用EBCDIC编码格式

由此可见,Mircosoft的CJK Codepage来源于IBM的Codepage.

2. Linux下Codepage的作用

在Linux下引入对Codepage的支持主要是为了访问FAT/VFAT/FAT32/NTFS/NCPFS等文件系统下的多语种文件名的问题,目前在NTFS和FAT32/VFAT下的文件系统上都使用了Unicode,这就需要系统在读取这些文件名时动态将其转换为相应的语言编码.因此引入了NLS支持.其相应的程序文件在/usr/src/linux/fs/nls下:

Config.in

Makefile

nls_base.c

nls_cp437.c

nls_cp737.c

nls_cp775.c

nls_cp850.c

nls_cp852.c

nls_cp855.c

nls_cp857.c

nls_cp860.c

nls_cp861.c

nls_cp862.c

nls_cp863.c

nls_cp864.c

nls_cp865.c

nls_cp866.c

nls_cp869.c

nls_cp874.c

nls_cp936.c

nls_cp950.c

nls_iso8859-1.c

nls_iso8859-15.c

nls_iso8859-2.c

nls_iso8859-3.c

nls_iso8859-4.c

nls_iso8859-5.c

nls_iso8859-6.c

nls_iso8859-7.c

nls_iso8859-8.c

nls_iso8859-9.c

nls_koi8-r.c

实现了下列函数:

extern int utf8_mbtowc(__u16 *, const __u8 *, int);

extern int utf8_mbstowcs(__u16 *, const __u8 *, int);

extern int utf8_wctomb(__u8 *, __u16, int);

extern int utf8_wcstombs(__u8 *, const __u16 *, int);

这样在加载相应的文件系统时就可以用下面的参数来设置Codepage:

对于Codepage 437 来说

mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/1 -o codepage=437,iocharset=cp437

这样在Linux下就可以正常访问不同语种的长文件名了.

3. Linux下支持的Codepage

nls codepage 437 -- 美国/加拿大英语

nls codepage 737 -- 希腊语

nls codepage 775 -- 波罗的海语

nls codepage 850 -- 包括西欧语种(德语,西班牙语,意大利语)中的一些字符

nls codepage 852 -- Latin 2 包括中东欧语种(阿尔巴尼亚语,克罗地亚语,捷克语,英语,芬兰语,匈牙利语,爱尔兰语,德语,波兰语,罗马利亚语,塞尔维亚语,斯洛伐克语,斯洛文尼亚语,Sorbian语)

nls codepage 855 -- 斯拉夫语

nls codepage 857 -- 土耳其语

nls codepage 860 -- 葡萄牙语

nls codepage 861 -- 冰岛语

nls codepage 862 -- 希伯来语

nls codepage 863 -- 加拿大语

nls codepage 864 -- 阿拉伯语

nls codepage 865 -- 日尔曼语系

nls codepage 866 -- 斯拉夫语/俄语

nls codepage 869 -- 希腊语(2)

nls codepage 874 -- 泰语

nls codepage 936 -- 简体中文GBK

nls codepage 950 -- 繁体中文Big5

nls iso8859-1 -- 西欧语系(阿尔巴尼亚语,西班牙加泰罗尼亚语,丹麦语,荷兰语,英语,Faeroese语,芬兰语,法语,德语,加里西亚语,爱尔兰语,冰岛语,意大利语,挪威语,葡萄牙语,瑞士语.)这同时适用于美国英语.

nls iso8859-2 -- Latin 2 字符集,斯拉夫/中欧语系(捷克语,德语,匈牙利语,波兰语,罗马尼亚语,克罗地亚语,斯洛伐克语,斯洛文尼亚语)

nls iso8859-3 -- Latin 3 字符集, (世界语,加里西亚语,马耳他语,土耳其语)

nls iso8859-4 -- Latin 4 字符集, (爱莎尼亚语,拉脱维亚语,立陶宛语),是Latin 6 字符集的前序标准

nls iso8859-5 -- 斯拉夫语系(保加利亚语,Byelorussian语,马其顿语,俄语,塞尔维亚语,乌克兰语) 一般推荐使用 KOI8-R codepage

nls iso8859-6 -- 阿拉伯语.

nls iso8859-7 -- 现代希腊语

nls iso8859-8 -- 希伯来语

nls iso8859-9 -- Latin 5 字符集, (去掉了 Latin 1中不经常使用的一些冰岛语字符而代以土耳其语字符)

nls iso8859-10 -- Latin 6 字符集, (因纽特(格陵兰)语,萨摩斯岛语等Latin 4 中没有包括的北欧语种)

nls iso8859-15 -- Latin 9 字符集, 是Latin 1字符集的更新版本,去掉一些不常用的字符,增加了对爱莎尼亚语的支持,修正了法语和芬兰语部份,增加了欧元字符)

nls koi8-r -- 俄语的缺省支持

4. 简体中文GBK/繁体中文Big5的Codepage

如何制作简体中文GBK/繁体中文Big5的Codepage?

从 Unicode 组织取得GBK/Big5的Unicode的定义.

由于GBK是基于ISO 10646-1:1993标准的,而相应的日文是JIS X 0221-1995,韩文是KS C 5700-1995,他们被提交到Unicode标准的时间表为:

Unicode Version 1.0

Unicode Version 1.1 <-> ISO 10646-1:1993, JIS X 0221-1995, GB 13000.1-93

Unicode Version 2.0 <-> KS C 5700-1995

从Windows 95开始均采用GBK编码. 您需要的是 CP936.TXT和 BIG5.TXT

然后使用下面的程序就可以将其转化为Linux核心需要的Unicode<->GBK码表

./genmap BIG5.txt | perl uni2big5.pl

./genmap CP936.txt | perl uni2gbk.pl

再修改fat/vfat/ntfs的相关函数就可以完成对核心的修改工作. 具体使用时可以使用下面的命令:

简体中文: mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/1 -o codepage=936,iocharset=cp936

繁体中文: mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/1 -o codepage=950,iocharset=cp936

有趣的是,由于GBK包含了全部的GB2312/Big5/JIS的内码,所以使用936的Codepage也可以显示Big5的文件名.

5. 附录

5.1 作者和相关文档

制作codepage950支持的是台湾的 cosmos先生, 主页为 http://www.cis.nctu.edu.tw:8080/~is84086/Project/kernel_cp950/

制作GBK的cp936支持的是TurboLinux的中文研发小组的方汉和陈向阳

5.2 genmap

#!/bin/sh

cat $1 | awk '{if(index($1,"#")==0)print $0}' | awk 'BEGIN{FS="0x"}{print $2 $3}' | awk '{if(length($1)==length($2))print $1,$2}'

5.3 uni2big5.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl

@code = (

"00", "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07",

"08", "09", "0A", "0B", "0C", "0D", "0E", "0F",

"10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16", "17",

"18", "19", "1A", "1B", "1C", "1D", "1E", "1F",

"20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27",

"28", "29", "2A", "2B", "2C", "2D", "2E", "2F",

"30", "31", "32", "33", "34", "35", "36", "37",

"38", "39", "3A", "3B", "3C", "3D", "3E", "3F",

"40", "41", "42", "43", "44", "45", "46", "47",

"48", "49", "4A", "4B", "4C", "4D", "4E", "4F",

"50", "51", "52", "53", "54", "55", "56", "57",

"58", "59", "5A", "5B", "5C", "5D", "5E", "5F",

"60", "61", "62", "63", "64", "65", "66", "67",

"68", "69", "6A", "6B", "6C", "6D", "6E", "6F",

"70", "71", "72", "73", "74", "75", "76", "77",

"78", "79", "7A", "7B", "7C", "7D", "7E", "7F",

"80", "81", "82", "83", "84", "85", "86", "87",

"88", "89", "8A", "8B", "8C", "8D", "8E", "8F",

"90", "91", "92", "93", "94", "95", "96", "97",

"98", "99", "9A", "9B", "9C", "9D", "9E", "9F",

"A0", "A1", "A2", "A3", "A4", "A5", "A6", "A7",

"A8", "A9", "AA", "AB", "AC", "AD", "AE", "AF",

"B0", "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6", "B7",

"B8", "B9", "BA", "BB", "BC", "BD", "BE", "BF",

"C0", "C1", "C2", "C3", "C4", "C5", "C6", "C7",

"C8", "C9", "CA", "CB", "CC", "CD", "CE", "CF",

"D0", "D1", "D2", "D3", "D4", "D5", "D6", "D7",

"D8", "D9", "DA", "DB", "DC", "DD", "DE", "DF",

"E0", "E1", "E2", "E3", "E4", "E5", "E6", "E7",

"E8", "E9", "EA", "EB", "EC", "ED", "EE", "EF",

"F0", "F1", "F2", "F3", "F4", "F5", "F6", "F7",

"F8", "F9", "FA", "FB", "FC", "FD", "FE", "FF");

while (<STDIN>){

($unicode, $big5) = split;

($high, $low) = $unicode =~ /(..)(..)/;

$table2{$high}{$low} = $big5;

($high, $low) = $big5 =~ /(..)(..)/;

$table{$high}{$low} = $unicode;

}

print <<EOF;

* linux/fs/nls_cp874.c

* Charset cp874 translation tables.

* Generated automatically from the Unicode and charset

* tables from the Unicode Organization (www.unicode.org).

* The Unicode to charset table has only exact mappings.

#include <linux/module.h>

#include <linux/kernel.h>

#include <linux/string.h>

#include <linux/nls.h>

/* A1 - F9*/

static struct nls_unicode charset2uni[(0xF9-0xA1+1)*(0x100-0x60)] = {

EOF

for ($high=0xA1; $high <= 0xF9; $high++){

for ($low=0x40; $low <= 0x7F; $low++){

$unicode = $table2{$code[$high]}{$code[$low]};

$unicode = "0000" if (!(defined $unicode));

print "\n\t" if ($low%4 == 0);

print "/* $code[$high]$code[$low]*/\n\t" if ($low%0x10 == 0);

($uhigh, $ulow) = $unicode =~ /(..)(..)/;

printf("{0x%2s, 0x%2s}, ", $ulow, $uhigh);

}

for ($low=0xA0; $low <= 0xFF; $low++){

$unicode = $table2{$code[$high]}{$code[$low]};

$unicode = "0000" if (!(defined $unicode));

print "\n\t" if ($low%4 == 0);

print "/* $code[$high]$code[$low]*/\n\t" if ($low%0x10 == 0);

($uhigh, $ulow) = $unicode =~ /(..)(..)/;

printf("{0x%2s, 0x%2s}, ", $ulow, $uhigh);

}

print "\n};\n\n";

for ($high=1; $high <= 255;$high++){

if (defined $table{$code[$high]}){

print "static unsigned char page$code[$high]\[512\] = {\n\t";

for ($low=0; $low<=255;$low++){

$big5 = $table{$code[$high]}{$code[$low]};

$big5 = "3F3F" if (!(defined $big5));

if ($low > 0 && $low%4 == 0){

printf("/* 0x%02X-0x%02X */\n\t", $low-4, $low-1);

}

print "\n\t" if ($low == 0x80);

($bhigh, $blow) = $big5 =~ /(..)(..)/;

printf("0x%2s, 0x%2s, ", $bhigh, $blow);

}

print "/* 0xFC-0xFF */\n};\n\n";

}

print "static unsigned char *page_uni2charset[256] = {";

for ($high=0; $high<=255;$high++){

print "\n\t" if ($high%8 == 0);

if ($high>0 && defined $table{$code[$high]}){

print "page$code[$high], ";

}

else{

print "NULL, ";

}

print <<EOF;

};

static unsigned char charset2upper[256] = {

0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, /* 0x00-0x07 */

0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, /* 0x08-0x0f */

0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, /* 0x10-0x17 */

0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, /* 0x18-0x1f */

0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27, /* 0x20-0x27 */

0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2f, /* 0x28-0x2f */

0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, /* 0x30-0x37 */

0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f, /* 0x38-0x3f */

0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47, /* 0x40-0x47 */

0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f, /* 0x48-0x4f */

0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, /* 0x50-0x57 */

0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5e, 0x5f, /* 0x58-0x5f */

0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0x60-0x67 */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0x68-0x6f */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0x70-0x77 */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x7f, /* 0x78-0x7f */

0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87, /* 0x80-0x87 */

0x88, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x8f, /* 0x88-0x8f */

0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97, /* 0x90-0x97 */

0x98, 0x99, 0x9a, 0x00, 0x9c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0x98-0x9f */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7, /* 0xa0-0xa7 */

0xa8, 0xa9, 0xaa, 0xab, 0xac, 0xad, 0xae, 0xaf, /* 0xa8-0xaf */

0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb7, /* 0xb0-0xb7 */

0xb8, 0xb9, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe, 0xbf, /* 0xb8-0xbf */

0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7, /* 0xc0-0xc7 */

0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf, /* 0xc8-0xcf */

0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0xd0-0xd7 */

0x00, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdf, /* 0xd8-0xdf */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, /* 0xe0-0xe7 */

0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xef, /* 0xe8-0xef */

0xf0, 0xf1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf5, 0x00, 0xf7, /* 0xf0-0xf7 */

0xf8, 0xf9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xff, /* 0xf8-0xff */

};

static void inc_use_count(void)

{

MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;

}

static void dec_use_count(void)

{

MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;

}

static struct nls_table table = {

"cp950",

page_uni2charset,

charset2uni,

inc_use_count,

dec_use_count,

NULL

};

int init_nls_cp950(void)

{

return register_nls();

}

#ifdef MODULE

int init_module(void)

{

return init_nls_cp950();

}

void cleanup_module(void)

{

unregister_nls();

return;

}

#endif

* Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style.

* Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically

* adjust the settings for this buffer only. This must remain at the end

* of the file.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Local variables:

* c-indent-level: 8

* c-brace-imaginary-offset: 0

* c-brace-offset: -8

* c-argdecl-indent: 8

* c-label-offset: -8

* c-continued-statement-offset: 8

* c-continued-brace-offset: 0

* End:

EOF

5.4 uni2gbk.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl

@code = (

"00", "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07",

"08", "09", "0A", "0B", "0C", "0D", "0E", "0F",

"10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16", "17",

"18", "19", "1A", "1B", "1C", "1D", "1E", "1F",

"20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27",

"28", "29", "2A", "2B", "2C", "2D", "2E", "2F",

"30", "31", "32", "33", "34", "35", "36", "37",

"38", "39", "3A", "3B", "3C", "3D", "3E", "3F",

"40", "41", "42", "43", "44", "45", "46", "47",

"48", "49", "4A", "4B", "4C", "4D", "4E", "4F",

"50", "51", "52", "53", "54", "55", "56", "57",

"58", "59", "5A", "5B", "5C", "5D", "5E", "5F",

"60", "61", "62", "63", "64", "65", "66", "67",

"68", "69", "6A", "6B", "6C", "6D", "6E", "6F",

"70", "71", "72", "73", "74", "75", "76", "77",

"78", "79", "7A", "7B", "7C", "7D", "7E", "7F",

"80", "81", "82", "83", "84", "85", "86", "87",

"88", "89", "8A", "8B", "8C", "8D", "8E", "8F",

"90", "91", "92", "93", "94", "95", "96", "97",

"98", "99", "9A", "9B", "9C", "9D", "9E", "9F",

"A0", "A1", "A2", "A3", "A4", "A5", "A6", "A7",

"A8", "A9", "AA", "AB", "AC", "AD", "AE", "AF",

"B0", "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6", "B7",

"B8", "B9", "BA", "BB", "BC", "BD", "BE", "BF",

"C0", "C1", "C2", "C3", "C4", "C5", "C6", "C7",

"C8", "C9", "CA", "CB", "CC", "CD", "CE", "CF",

"D0", "D1", "D2", "D3", "D4", "D5", "D6", "D7",

"D8", "D9", "DA", "DB", "DC", "DD", "DE", "DF",

"E0", "E1", "E2", "E3", "E4", "E5", "E6", "E7",

"E8", "E9", "EA", "EB", "EC", "ED", "EE", "EF",

"F0", "F1", "F2", "F3", "F4", "F5", "F6", "F7",

"F8", "F9", "FA", "FB", "FC", "FD", "FE", "FF");

while (<STDIN>){

($unicode, $big5) = split;

($high, $low) = $unicode =~ /(..)(..)/;

$table2{$high}{$low} = $big5;

($high, $low) = $big5 =~ /(..)(..)/;

$table{$high}{$low} = $unicode;

}

print <<EOF;

* linux/fs/nls_cp936.c

* Charset cp936 translation tables.

* Generated automatically from the Unicode and charset

* tables from the Unicode Organization (www.unicode.org).

* The Unicode to charset table has only exact mappings.

#include <linux/module.h>

#include <linux/kernel.h>

#include <linux/string.h>

#include <linux/nls.h>

/* 81 - FE*/

static struct nls_unicode charset2uni[(0xFE-0x81+1)*(0x100-0x40)] = {

EOF

for ($high=0x81; $high <= 0xFE; $high++){

for ($low=0x40; $low <= 0x7F; $low++){

$unicode = $table2{$code[$high]}{$code[$low]};

$unicode = "0000" if (!(defined $unicode));

print "\n\t" if ($low%4 == 0);

print "/* $code[$high]$code[$low]*/\n\t" if ($low%0x10 == 0);

($uhigh, $ulow) = $unicode =~ /(..)(..)/;

printf("{0x%2s, 0x%2s}, ", $ulow, $uhigh);

}

for ($low=0x80; $low <= 0xFF; $low++){