C++ 标准定义了一些通常会遇到的概念。
1.3.2 diagnositc message [defns.diagnostic]
a message belonging to an implementation-defined subset of the implementation's output messages.
“诊断消息”是由 C++ 实现定义的实现（编译器）输出消息的子集。
1.3.6 implementation limits [defns.impl.limits]
restrictions imposed upon programs by the implementation.
“实现限制”是 C++ 实现对程序文本强制的限制。
“实现限制”通常包括文本行长度，标识符长度，类内联层数，程序文本字符集等限制。
1.3.8 multibyte character [defns.multibyte]
a sequence of one or more bytes representing a member of the extended character set of either the source or the execution environment. The extended character set is a superset of the basic character set (2.2).
“多字节字符”是代表源文件或环境的扩展字符集中的某个成员的一个或多个字节的序列。扩展字符集是基本字符集（2.2）的超集。
1.3.9 parameter [defns.parameter]
an object or reference declared as part of a function declaration or definition, or in the catch clause of an exception handler, that acquires a value on entry to the function or handler; an identifier form the comma-separated list bounded by the parentheses immediately following the macro name in a function-like macro definition; or a template-parameter. Parameters are also known as formal arguments or formal parameters.
“参数”，是作为函数声明或定义的一部分，或在异常处理器的 catch 子句中声明的，用于在函数或异常处理器的入口点接收值的对象或引用；紧跟一个函数式宏定义中宏名字的圆括号中，逗号分隔的列表中的一个标识符；或者一个“模板参数”。参数也被称为“形式自变量”或“形式参数”。
1.3.1 argument [defns.argument]
an expression in the comma-separated list bounded by the parentheses in a function call expression, a sequence of preprocessing tokens in the comma-separated list bounded by the parentheses in a function-like macro invocation, the operand of throw, or an expression, type-id or template-name in the comma-separated list bounded by the angle brackets in a template instantiation. Also known as an actual argument or actual parameter.
在函数调用表达式中由圆括号包围的逗号分隔列表中的一个表达式；在函数式宏调用中由圆括号包围的逗号分隔列表中的一个预处理符号序列；throw 的操作数；在模板实例化中由角括号包围的逗号分隔列表中的一个表达式，type-id 或模板名。自变量也被称为“实际自变量”或“实际参数”。
1.3.10 signature [defns.signature]
the information about a function that participates in overload resolution (13.3): the types of its parameters and, if the function is a class member, the cv- qualifiers (if any) on the function itself and the class in which the member function is declared.i) The signature of a template function specialization includes the types of its template arguments (14.5.5.1).
“函数签名”是某函数的重载解析过程需要的信息（13.3）：函数参数类型，以及当函数是某类的成员时，还要包括函数本身的 cv- 限定词（如果存在），和定义此成员函数的类。1) 特化的模板函数的签名包括其模板参数的类型（14.5.5.1）。
i) Function signatures do not include return type, because that does not participate in overload resolution.
函数签名不包含返回值类型，因为它不参与重载解析过程。
cv- 限定词是类成员函数的 const 和 volatile 属性信息。
