gcc常用的编译选项对代码的影响

王朝other·作者佚名  2006-11-24
窄屏简体版  字體: |||超大  

测试环境 redhat 6.2

★ 前言

本文讨论gcc的一些常用编译选项对代码的影响。当然代码变了,

它的内存布局也就会变了,随之exploit也就要做相应的变动。

gcc的编译选项实在太多,本文检了几个最常用的选项。

★ 演示程序

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ cat > test.c

#include

void hi(void)

{

printf("hi");

}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

hi();

return 0;

}

★ 一般情况

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11773 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483e4 : push %ebp

0x80483e5 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483e7 : call 0x80483d0

0x80483ec : xor %eax,%eax

0x80483ee : jmp 0x80483f0

0x80483f0 : leave

0x80483f1 : ret

....

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483d0 : push %ebp

0x80483d1 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483d3 : push $0x8048450

0x80483d8 : call 0x8048308

0x80483dd : add $0x4,%esp

0x80483e0 : leave

0x80483e1 : ret

0x80483e2 : mov %esi,%esi

End of assembler dump.

来看看部分的内存映象

(内存高址)

+--------+

|bffffbc4| argv的地址(即argv[0]的地址)

0xbffffb84 +--------+

|00000001| argc的值

0xbffffb80 +--------+

|400309cb|main的返回地址

0xbffffb7c +--------+ <-- 调用main函数前的esp

|bffffb98| 调用main函数前的ebp

0xbffffb78 +--------+ <-- main函数的ebp

|080483ec| hi()的返回地址

0xbffffb74 +--------+

|bffffb78| 调用hi()前的esp

0xbffffb70 +--------+

|08048450| "hi"的地址

0xbffffb6c +--------+

| ...... |

(内存低址)

leave 指令所做的操作相当于MOV ESP,EBP 然后 POP EBP

ret 指令所做的操作相当于POP EIP

★ -O 编译选项

With `-O', the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time.

When you specify `-O', the two options `-fthread-jumps' and

`-fdefer-pop' are turned on

优化,减少代码大小和执行的时间

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -O -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11757 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483d8 : push %ebp

0x80483d9 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483db : call 0x80483c8

0x80483e0 : xor %eax,%eax

0x80483e2 : leave

0x80483e3 : ret

0x80483e4 : nop

...

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483c8 : push %ebp

0x80483c9 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483cb : push $0x8048440

0x80483d0 : call 0x8048308

0x80483d5 : leave

0x80483d6 : ret

0x80483d7 : nop

End of assembler dump.

在main()中,把一条jmp指令优化掉了,很显然,这条指令是可以不需要的。

在hi()中,把add $0x4,%esp优化掉了,这会不会使stack不平衡呢?

来看看部分的内存映象

(内存高址)

+--------+

|bffffbc4| argv的地址(即argv[0]的地址)

0xbffffb84 +--------+

|00000001| argc的值

0xbffffb80 +--------+

|400309cb|main的返回地址

0xbffffb7c +--------+ <-- 调用main函数前的esp

|bffffb98| 调用main函数前的ebp

0xbffffb78 +--------+ <-- main函数的ebp

|080483e0| hi()的返回地址

0xbffffb74 +--------+

|bffffb78| 调用hi()前的esp

0xbffffb70 +--------+

|08048440| "hi"的地址

0xbffffb6c +--------+

| ...... |

(内存低址)

leave 指令所做的操作相当于把MOV ESP,EBP 然后 POP EBP

看到leave指令操作了没有,先把ebp-->esp,再pop ebp,这样即使

在过程内堆栈的esp,ebp是不平衡的,但只要返回时候碰到leave指令

就会平衡了,所以把add $0x4,%esp优化掉也是没有问题的。

★ -O2 编译选项

-O2 Optimize even more. Nearly all supported optimizations that do

not involve a space-speed tradeoff are performed. Loop unrolling

and function inlining are not done, for example. As compared to -O,

this option increases both compilation time and the performance of

the generated code.

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -O2 -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11757 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483d8 : push %ebp

0x80483d9 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483db : call 0x80483c8

0x80483e0 : xor %eax,%eax

0x80483e2 : leave

0x80483e3 : ret

...

0x80483ef : nop

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483c8 : push %ebp

0x80483c9 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483cb : push $0x8048440

0x80483d0 : call 0x8048308

0x80483d5 : leave

0x80483d6 : ret

0x80483d7 : nop

End of assembler dump.

由于程序比较简单,再优化也没有好优化的了,所以跟-O出来的一样。

★ -fomit-frame-pointer 编译选项

-fomit-frame-pointer

Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions

that don't need one. This avoids the instructions to save,

set up and restore frame pointers; it also makes an extra

register available in many functions. It also makes

debugging impossible on most machines.

忽略帧指针。这样在程序就不需要保存,安装,和恢复ebp了。这样ebp也就是一个

free的register了,在函数中就可以随便使用了。

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -fomit-frame-pointer -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11773 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483e0 : call 0x80483d0

0x80483e5 : xor %eax,%eax

0x80483e7 : jmp 0x80483f0

0x80483e9 : lea 0x0(%esi,1),%esi

0x80483f0 : ret

....

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483d0 : push $0x8048450

0x80483d5 : call 0x8048308

0x80483da : add $0x4,%esp

0x80483dd : ret

0x80483de : mov %esi,%esi

End of assembler dump.

在main()和hi()中都去掉了以下指令

push %ebp

mov %esp,%ebp//这两条指令安装

leave//这条指令恢复

来看看部分的内存映象

(内存高址)

+--------+

|bffffbc4| argv的地址(即argv[0]的地址)

0xbffffb84 +--------+

|00000001| argc的值

0xbffffb80 +--------+

|400309cb|main的返回地址

0xbffffb7c +--------+

|080483e5| hi()的返回地址

0xbffffb78 +--------+

|08048450| "hi"字符串的地址

0xbffffb74 +--------+

| ...... |

(内存低址)

没有保存上层执行环境的ebp.

★ -fomit-frame-pointer && -O2

-fomit-frame-pointer编译选项去掉了

push %ebp

mov %esp,%ebp//这两条指令安装

leave//这条指令恢复

-O2编译选项去掉了

add $0x4,%esp

两个加起来会不会这四条指令一起去掉,从而使stack不平衡呢?

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -fomit-frame-pointer -O2 -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11741 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483d8 : call 0x80483c8

0x80483dd : xor %eax,%eax

0x80483df : ret

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483c8 : push $0x8048430

0x80483cd : call 0x8048308

0x80483d2 : add $0x4,%esp

0x80483d5 : ret

0x80483d6 : mov %esi,%esi

End of assembler dump.

来看看部分的内存映象

(内存高址)

+--------+

|bffffbc4| argv的地址(即argv[0]的地址)

0xbffffb84 +--------+

|00000001| argc的值

0xbffffb80 +--------+

|400309cb|main的返回地址

0xbffffb7c +--------+

|080483dd| hi()的返回地址

0xbffffb78 +--------+

|08048430| "hi"字符串的地址

0xbffffb74 +--------+

| ...... |

(内存低址)

此时就没有把add $0x4,%esp优化掉,如果优化掉的话,整个stack就

会变的不平衡,从而会导致程序出错。

★ -fPIC 编译选项

-fPIC If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent

code, suitable for dynamic linking,even if branches need large

displacements.

产生位置无关代码(PIC),一般创建共享库时用到。

在x86上,PIC的代码的符号引用都是通过ebx进行操作的。

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -fPIC -o test test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

11805 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80483f8 : push %ebp

0x80483f9 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483fb : push %ebx

0x80483fc : call 0x8048401

0x8048401 : pop %ebx//取得该指令的地址

0x8048402 : add $0x1093,%ebx//此时ebx里面存放着是GOT表的地址

0x8048408 : call 0x80483d0

0x804840d : xor %eax,%eax

0x804840f : jmp 0x8048411

0x8048411 : mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%ebx

0x8048414 : leave

0x8048415 : ret

...

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disass hi

Dump of assembler code for function hi:

0x80483d0 : push %ebp

0x80483d1 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80483d3 : push %ebx

0x80483d4 : call 0x80483d9

0x80483d9 : pop %ebx

0x80483da : add $0x10bb,%ebx

0x80483e0 : lea 0xffffefdc(%ebx),%edx

0x80483e6 : mov %edx,%eax

0x80483e8 : push %eax

0x80483e9 : call 0x8048308

0x80483ee : add $0x4,%esp

0x80483f1 : mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%ebx

0x80483f4 : leave

0x80483f5 : ret

0x80483f6 : mov %esi,%esi

End of assembler dump.

来看看部分的内存映象

(内存高址)

+--------+

|bffffbc4| argv的地址(即argv[0]的地址)

0xbffffb84 +--------+

|00000001| argc的值

0xbffffb80 +--------+

|400309cb|main的返回地址

0xbffffb7c +--------+ <-- 调用main函数前的esp

|bffffb98| 调用main函数前的ebp

0xbffffb78 +--------+ <-- main函数的ebp

|401081ec| 保存的ebx

0xbffffb74 +--------+

|0804840d| (存放过call 0x8048401的下一条指令地址)

0xbffffb70 +--------+

|bffffb78| 调用hi()前的esp

0xbffffb6c +--------+

|08049494| GOT表地址

0xbffffb68 +--------+

|08048470|(存放过call 0x80483d9的下一条指令地址)

0xbffffb64 +--------+

| ...... |

(内存低址)

★ -static 编译选项

-static

On systems that support dynamic linking, this prevents

linking with the shared libraries. On other systems,

this option has no effect.

把一些函数都静态的编译到程序中,而无需动态链接了。

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gcc -o test -static test.c

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ wc -c test

962808 test

[alert7@redhat62 alert7]$ gdb -q test

(gdb) disass main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x80481b4 : push %ebp

0x80481b5 : mov %esp,%ebp

0x80481b7 : call 0x8048

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