对于 Java 1.4以上，启动java时加上 -Djava.awt.headless=true 的参数。对于 Java 1.4 以前，下载 xvfb 或者其他的虚拟 x-window 软件，再在 Java 运行环境里的 DISPLAY 作相应改变。
对于 Resin，具体的修改办法是，修改 httpd.sh 文件，把其中的 args= 行修改为 args=-Djava.awt.headless=true。
转载自http://shaofanyun.mblogger.cn/(部分)
例如: catalina.sh
#!/bin/sh
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Start/Stop Script for the CATALINA Server
#
# Environment Variable Prequisites
#
# CATALINA_HOME May point at your Catalina "build" directory.
#
# CATALINA_BASE (Optional) Base directory for resolving dynamic portions
# of a Catalina installation. If not present, resolves to
# the same directory that CATALINA_HOME points to.
#
# CATALINA_OPTS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "start",
# "stop", or "run" command is executed.
#
# CATALINA_TMPDIR (Optional) Directory path location of temporary directory
# the JVM should use (java.io.tmpdir). Defaults to
# $CATALINA_BASE/temp.
#
# JAVA_HOME Must point at your Java Development Kit installation.
#
# JAVA_OPTS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "start",
# "stop", or "run" command is executed.
#
# JPDA_TRANSPORT (Optional) JPDA transport used when the "jpda start"
# command is executed. The default is "dt_socket".
#
# JPDA_ADDRESS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "jpda start"
# command is executed. The default is 8000.
#
# JSSE_HOME (Optional) May point at your Java Secure Sockets Extension
# (JSSE) installation, whose JAR files will be added to the
# system class path used to start Tomcat.
#
# CATALINA_PID (Optional) Path of the file which should contains the pid
# of catalina startup java process, when start (fork) is used
#
# $Id: catalina.sh,v 1.13.2.1 2004/08/21 15:49:49 yoavs Exp $
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
JAVA_HOME=/opt/j2sdk1.4.2_04
CATALINA_HOME=/opt/services/tomcat
# OS specific support. $var _must_ be set to either true or false.
cygwin=false
os400=false
case "`uname`" in
CYGWIN*) cygwin=true;;
OS400*) os400=true;;
esac
# resolve links - $0 may be a softlink
PRG="$0"
while [ -h "$PRG" ]; do
ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
if expr "$link" : '.*/.*' > /dev/null; then
PRG="$link"
else
PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"
fi
done
# Get standard environment variables
PRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`
# Only set CATALINA_HOME if not already set
[ -z "$CATALINA_HOME" ] && CATALINA_HOME=`cd "$PRGDIR/.." ; pwd`
if [ -r "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setenv.sh ]; then
. "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setenv.sh
fi
# For Cygwin, ensure paths are in UNIX format before anything is touched
if $cygwin; then
[ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] && JAVA_HOME=`cygpath --unix "$JAVA_HOME"`
[ -n "$CATALINA_HOME" ] && CATALINA_HOME=`cygpath --unix "$CATALINA_HOME"`
[ -n "$CATALINA_BASE" ] && CATALINA_BASE=`cygpath --unix "$CATALINA_BASE"`
[ -n "$CLASSPATH" ] && CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --unix "$CLASSPATH"`
[ -n "$JSSE_HOME" ] && JSSE_HOME=`cygpath --absolute --unix "$JSSE_HOME"`
fi
# For OS400
if $os400; then
# Set job priority to standard for interactive (interactive - 6) by using
# the interactive priority - 6, the helper threads that respond to requests
# will be running at the same priority as interactive jobs.
COMMAND='chgjob job('$JOBNAME') runpty(6)'
system $COMMAND
# Enable multi threading
export QIBM_MULTI_THREADED=Y
fi
# Get standard Java environment variables
if [ -r "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setclasspath.sh ]; then
BASEDIR="$CATALINA_HOME"
. "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setclasspath.sh
else
echo "Cannot find $CATALINA_HOME/bin/setclasspath.sh"
echo "This file is needed to run this program"
exit 1
fi
# Add on extra jar files to CLASSPATH
if [ -n "$JSSE_HOME" ]; then
CLASSPATH="$CLASSPATH":"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jcert.jar:"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jnet.jar:"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jsse.jar
fi
CLASSPATH="$CLASSPATH":"$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/bootstrap.jar:"$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/commons-logging-api.jar
if [ -z "$CATALINA_BASE" ] ; then
CATALINA_BASE="$CATALINA_HOME"
fi
if [ -z "$CATALINA_TMPDIR" ] ; then
# Define the java.io.tmpdir to use for Catalina
CATALINA_TMPDIR="$CATALINA_BASE"/temp
fi
# For Cygwin, switch paths to Windows format before running java
if $cygwin; then
JAVA_HOME=`cygpath --absolute --windows "$JAVA_HOME"`
CATALINA_HOME=`cygpath --absolute --windows "$CATALINA_HOME"`
CATALINA_BASE=`cygpath --absolute --windows "$CATALINA_BASE"`
CATALINA_TMPDIR=`cygpath --absolute --windows "$CATALINA_TMPDIR"`
CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --windows "$CLASSPATH"`
[ -n "$JSSE_HOME" ] && JSSE_HOME=`cygpath --absolute --windows "$JSSE_HOME"`
JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS=`cygpath --path --windows "$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS"`
fi
# ----- Execute The Requested Command -----------------------------------------
echo "Using CATALINA_BASE: $CATALINA_BASE"
echo "Using CATALINA_HOME: $CATALINA_HOME"
echo "Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: $CATALINA_TMPDIR"
echo "Using JAVA_HOME: $JAVA_HOME"
if [ "$1" = "jpda" ] ; then
if [ -z "$JPDA_TRANSPORT" ]; then
JPDA_TRANSPORT="dt_socket"
fi
if [ -z "$JPDA_ADDRESS" ]; then
JPDA_ADDRESS="8000"
fi
if [ -z "$JPDA_OPTS" ]; then
JPDA_OPTS="-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:transport=$JPDA_TRANSPORT,address=$JPDA_ADDRESS,server=y,suspend=n"
fi
CATALINA_OPTS="$CATALINA_OPTS $JPDA_OPTS"
shift
fi
if [ "$1" = "debug" ] ; then
if $os400; then
echo "Debug command not available on OS400"
exit 1
else
shift
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
exec "$_RUNJDB" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -sourcepath "$CATALINA_HOME"/../../jakarta-tomcat-catalina/catalina/src/share -Djava.security.manager -Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
else
exec "$_RUNJDB" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -sourcepath "$CATALINA_HOME"/../../jakarta-tomcat-catalina/catalina/src/share -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
fi
fi
elif [ "$1" = "run" ]; then
shift
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -Djava.security.manager -Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
else
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
fi
elif [ "$1" = "start" ] ; then
shift
touch "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
"$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -Djava.security.manager -Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start >> "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out 2>&1 &
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo $! > $CATALINA_PID
fi
else
"$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start >> "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out 2>&1 &
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo $! > $CATALINA_PID
fi
fi
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ] ; then
shift
FORCE=0
if [ "$1" = "-force" ]; then
shift
FORCE=1
fi
"$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS -Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" -Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" -Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" stop
if [ $FORCE -eq 1 ]; then
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo "Killing: `cat $CATALINA_PID`"
kill -9 `cat $CATALINA_PID`
fi
fi
elif [ "$1" = "version" ] ; then
"$_RUNJAVA" -classpath "$CATALINA_HOME/server/lib/catalina.jar" org.apache.catalina.util.ServerInfo
else
echo "Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )"
echo "commands:"
if $os400; then
echo " debug Start Catalina in a debugger (not available on OS400)"
echo " debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager (not available on OS400)"
else
echo " debug Start Catalina in a debugger"
echo " debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager"
fi
echo " jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger"
echo " run Start Catalina in the current window"
echo " run -security Start in the current window with security manager"
echo " start Start Catalina in a separate window"
echo " start -security Start in a separate window with security manager"
echo " stop Stop Catalina"
echo " stop -force Stop Catalina (followed by kill -KILL)"
echo " version What version of tomcat are you running?"
exit 1
fi
