CISCO 相关技术大集合(收藏)__02

CISCO 相关技术大集合(收藏)__01 http://blog.csdn.net/laofox/archive/2005/09/11/477511.aspx

七、ISDN

1. 综合数字业务网（ISDN）

综合数字业务网（ISDN）由数字电话和数据传输服务两部分组成，一般由电话局提供这种服务。ISDN的基本速率接口（BRI）服务提供2个B信道和1个D信道（2B+D）。BRI的B信道速率为64Kbps,用于传输用户数据。D信道的速率为16Kbps，主要传输控制信号。在北美和日本，ISDN的主速率接口（PRI）提供23个B信道和1个D信道，总速率可达1.544Mbps，其中D信道速率为64Kbps。而在欧洲、澳大利亚等国家，ISDN的PRI提供30个B信道和1个64Kbps D信道，总速率可达2.048Mbps。我国电话局所提供ISDN PRI为30B+D。

2. 基本命令

任务命令

设置ISDN交换类型 isdn switch-type switch-type1

接口设置 interface bri 0

设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp

设置协议地址与电话号码的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [broadcast] [dial-string]

启动PPP多连接 ppp multilink

设置启动另一个B通道的阈值 dialer load-threshold load

显示ISDN有关信息 show isdn {active | history | memory | services | status [dsl | interface-type number] | timers}

注：1.交换机类型如下表,国内交换机一般为basic-net3。

按区域分关键字交换机类型

Australia

basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches

Europe

basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches

basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1)

basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system

primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe)

vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches

vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches

Japan

ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches

primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches

North America

basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches

basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches

basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches

primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)

primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)

primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)

New Zealand

basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches

3. ISDN实现DDR（dial-on-demand routing）实例:

设置如下：

Router1:

hostname router1

user router2 password cisco

isdn switch-type basic-net3

interface bri 0

ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

encapsulation ppp

dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572

dialer load-threshold 80

ppp multilink

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

！

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

Router2:

hostname router2

user router1 password cisco

isdn switch-type basic-net3

interface bri 0

ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

encapsulation ppp

dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571

dialer load-threshold 80

ppp multilink

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

！

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

Cisco路由器同时支持回拨功能，我们将路由器Router1作为Callback Server,Router2作为Callback Client。

与回拨相关命令:

任务命令

映射协议地址和电话号码，并在接口上使用在全局模式下定义的PPP回拨的映射类别。 dialer map protocol address name hostname class classname dial-string

设置接口支持PPP回拨 ppp callback accept

在全局模式下为PPP回拨设置映射类别 map-class dialer classname

通过查找注册在dialer map里的主机名来决定回拨. dialer callback-server [username]

设置接口要求PPP回拨 ppp callback request

设置如下：

Router1:

hostname router1

user router2 password cisco

isdn switch-type basic-net3

interface bri 0

ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

encapsulation ppp

dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572

dialer load-threshold 80

ppp callback accept

ppp multilink

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

！

map-class dialer s3

dialer callback-server username

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

Router2:

hostname router2

user router1 password cisco

isdn switch-type basic-net3

interface bri 0

ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

encapsulation ppp

dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571

dialer load-threshold 80

ppp callback request

ppp multilink

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

！

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

相关调试命令：

debug dialer

debug isdn event

debug isdn q921

debug isdn q931

debug ppp authentication

debug ppp error

debug ppp negotiation

debug ppp packet

show dialer

show isdn status

举例:执行debug dialer命令观察router2呼叫router1,router1回拨router2的过程.

router1#debug dialer

router2#ping 192.200.10.1

router1#

00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up

00:03:50: BRI0:1PP callback Callback server starting to router2 572

00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call

00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to down

00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call

00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to up

00:03:52: callback to router2 already started

00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call

00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to down

00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call

00:04:05: : Callback timer expired

00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572

00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572

00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572

00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up

00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated

00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1, changed state to up

00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1

00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0:1, changed state

to up

00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Virtual-Access1, chang

ed state to up

00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now connected to 572

#router1

4. ISDN访问首都在线263网实例:

本地局部网地址为10.0.0.0/24,属于保留地址，通过NAT地址翻译功能，局域网用户可以通过ISDN上263网访问Internet。263的ISDN电话号码为2633，用户为263，口令为263，所涉及的命令如下表：

任务命令

指定接口通过PPP/IPCP地址协商获得IP地址 ip address negotiated

指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside}

使用ppp/pap作认证 ppp authentication pap callin

指定接口属于拨号组1 dialer-group 1

定义拨号组1允许所有IP协议 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

设定拨号，号码为2633 dialer string 2633

设定登录263的用户名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263

设定默认路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0

设定符合访问列表2的所有源地址被翻译为bri 0所拥有的地址 ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload

设定访问列表2，允许所有协议 access-list 2 permit any

具体配置如下：

hostname Cisco2503

isdn switch-type basic-net3

ip subnet-zero

no ip domain-lookup

ip routing

interface Ethernet 0

ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

ip nat inside

no shutdown

interface Serial 0

shutdown

no description

no ip address

interface Serial 1

shutdown

no description

no ip address

interface bri 0

ip address negotiated

ip nat outside

encapsulation ppp

ppp authentication pap callin

ppp multilink

dialer-group 1

dialer hold-queue 10

dialer string 2633

dialer idle-timeout 120

ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263

no cdp enable

no ip split-horizon

no shutdown

ip classless

! Static Routes

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0

! Access Control List 2

access-list 2 permit any

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

! Dynamic NAT

ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload

snmp-server community public ro

line console 0

exec-timeout 0 0

line vty 0 4

end

5. Cisco765M通过ISDN拨号上263

由于Cisco765的设置命令与我们常用的Cisco路由器的命令不同，所以以下列举了通过Cisco765上263访问Internet的具体命令行设置步骤。

>set system c765

c765> set multidestination on

c765> set switch net3

c765> set ppp multilink on

c765> cd lan

c765:LAN> set ip routing on

c765:LAN> set ip address 10.0.0.1

c765:LAN> set ip netmask 255.0.0.0

c765:LAN> set briding off

c765:LAN>cd

c765> set user remotenet

New user remotenet being created

c765:remotenet> set ip routing on

c765:remotenet> set bridging off

c765:remotenet> set ip framing none

c765:remotenet> set ppp clientname 263

c765:remotenet> set ppp password client

Enter new Password: 263

Re-Type new Password: 263

c765:remotenet> set ppp authentication out none

c765:remotenet> set ip address 0.0.0.0

c765:remotenet> set ip netmask 0.0.0.0

c765:remotenet> set ppp address negotiation local on

c765:remotenet> set ip pat on

c765:remotenet> set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0

c765:remotenet> set number 2633

c765:remotenet> set active

命令描述如下：

任务命令

设置路由器系统名称 set system c765

允许路由器呼叫多个目的地 set multidestination on

设置ISDN交换机类型为NET3 set switch net3

允许点到点间多条通道连接实现负载均衡 set ppp multilink on

关掉桥接 set briding off

建立用户预制文件用于设置拨号连接参数- 可以设置多个用户预制文件用于相同的物理端口对应于不同的连接。 set user remotenet

使用PPP/IPCP set ip framing none

设置上网用户帐号 set ppp clientname 263

设置上网口令 set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263 Re-Type new Password: 263

不用PPP/CHAP或PAP做认证 set ppp authentication out none

允许地址磋商 set ppp address negotiation local on

设置地址翻译 set ip pat on

设置默认路由 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0

设置ISP的电话号码 set number 2633

激活用户预制文件 set active

返回目录

八、PSTN

电话网络(PSTN)是目前普及程度最高、成本最低的公用通讯网络，它在网络互连中也有广泛的应用。电话网络的应用一般可分为两种类型，一种是同等级别机构之间以按需拨号(DDR)的方式实现互连，一种是ISP为拨号上网为用户提供的远程访问服务的功能。

1. 远程访问

1.1.Access Server基本设置：

选用Cisco2511作为访问服务器,采用IP地址池动态分配地址.远程工作站使用WIN95拨号网络实现连接。

全局设置：

任务命令

设置用户名和密码 username username password password

设置用户的IP地址池 ip local pool {default | pool-name low-ip-address [high-ip-address]}

指定地址池的工作方式 ip address-pool [dhcp-proxy-client | local]

基本接口设置命令：

任务命令

设置封装形式为PPP encapsulation ppp

启动异步口的路由功能 async default routing

设置异步口的PPP工作方式 async mode {dedicated | interactive}

设置用户的IP地址 peer default ip address {ip-address | dhcp | pool [pool-name]}

设置IP地址与Ethernet0相同 ip unnumbered ethernet0

line拨号线设置：

任务命令

设置modem的工作方式 modem {inout|dialin}

自动配置modem类型 modem autoconfig discovery

设置拨号线的通讯速率 speed speed

设置通讯线路的流控方式 flowcontrol {none | software [lock] [in | out] | hardware [in | out]}

连通后自动执行命令 autocommand command

访问服务器设置如下：

Router:

hostname Router

enable secret 5 $1$EFqU$tYLJLrynNUKzE4bx6fmH//

interface Ethernet0

ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0

interface Async1

ip unnumbered Ethernet0

encapsulation ppp

keepalive 10

async mode interactive

peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142

ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36

line con 0

exec-timeout 0 0

password cisco

line 1 16

modem InOut

modem autoconfigure discovery

flowcontrol hardware

line aux 0

transport input all

line vty 0 4

password cisco

end

相关调试命令：

show interface

show line

1.2. Access Server通过Tacacs服务器实现安全认证：

使用一台WINDOWS NT服务器作为Tacacs服务器，地址为10.111.4.2,运行Cisco2511随机带的Easy ACS 1.0软件实现用户认证功能.

相关调试命令：

debug dialer

debug ppp authentication

debug ppp error

debug ppp negotiation

debug ppp packet

show dialer

3. 异步拨号备份DDN专线：

此例主连接采用DDN专线，备份线路为电话拨号。当DDN专线连接正常时，主端口S0状态为up，line protocol亦为up,则备份线路状态为standby，line protocol为down，此时所有通信均通过主接口进行。当主接口连接发生故障时，端口状态为down，则激活备份接口，完成数据通信。此方法不适合为X.25做备份。因为，配置封装为X.25的接口只要和X.25交换机之间的连接正常其接口及line protocol的状态亦为 up,它并不考虑其它地方需与之通信的路由器的状态如何，所以若本地路由器状态正常，而对方路由器连接即使发生故障，本地也不会激活备份线路。例4将会描述如何为X.25做拨号备份。

以下是相关命令：

任务命令

指定主线路改变后，次线路状态发生改变的延迟时间 backup delay {enable-delay | never} {disable-delay | never}

指定一个接口作为备份接口 backup interface type number

hostname c2522rb

enable secret 5 $1$J5vn$ceYDe2FwPhrZi6qsIIz6g0

enable password cisco

username c4700 password 0 cisco

ip subnet-zero

chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

chat-script reset atz

interface Ethernet0

ip address 16.122.51.254 255.255.255.0

no ip mroute-cache

interface Serial0

backup delay 10 10

backup interface Serial2

ip address 16.250.123.18 255.255.255.252

no ip mroute-cache

no fair-queue

interface Serial1

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface Serial2

physical-layer async

ip address 16.249.123.18 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp

async mode dedicated

dialer in-band

dialer idle-timeout 60

dialer map ip 16.249.123.17 name c4700 6825179

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

interface Serial3

no ip address

shutdown

no cdp enable

interface Serial4

no ip address

shutdown

no cdp enable

interface Serial5

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface Serial6

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface Serial7

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface Serial8

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface Serial9

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

interface BRI0

no ip address

no ip mroute-cache

shutdown

router eigrp 200

network 16.0.0.0

ip classless

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

line con 0

line 2

script dialer cisco-default

script reset reset

modem InOut

modem autoconfigure discovery

rxspeed 38400

txspeed 38400

flowcontrol hardware

line aux 0

line vty 0 4

password cisco

end

c2522rb#

4. 异步拨号备份X.25:

设置X.25的拨号备份,首先X.25连接的端口必须运行动态路由协议,异步拨号口必须使用静态路由.本例选择EIGRP作为路由选择协议,将静态路由的Metric的值设置为200,由于EIGRP的默认Metric为90,所以当同时有两条路径通往同一网段时,其中Metric值小的路径生效,而当X.25连接出现问题时,路由器无法通过路由协议学习到路由表，则此时静态路由生效，访问通过拨号端口实现。当X.25连接恢复正常时，路由器又可以学习到路由表，则由于 Metric值的不同，静态路由自动被动态路由所代替，这样就实现了备份的功能。

路由器Router1配置如下:

hostname router1

enable secret 5 $1$UTvD$99YiY2XsRMxHudcYeHn.Y.

enable password cisco

username router2 password cisco

ip subnet-zero

chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

chat-script reset atz

interface Ethernet0

ip address 202.96.38.100 255.255.255.0

interface Serial0

ip address 202.96.0.1 255.255.255.0

encapsulation x25

x25 address 10112227

x25 htc 16

x25 map ip 202.96.0.2 10112225 broadcast

interface Serial1

no ip address

shutdown

interface Async 1

ip address 202.96.1.1 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp

dialer in-band

dialer idle-timeout 60

dialer map ip 202.96.1.2 name router2 modem-script cisco-default 2113470

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

router eigrp 200

redistribute connected

network 202.96.0.0

ip route 202.96.37.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.2 200

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

line con 0

line aux 0

script dialer cisco-default

script reset reset

modem InOut

modem autoconfigure discovery

transport input all

rxspeed 38400

txspeed 38400

flowcontrol hardware

line vty 0 4

password cisco

end

路由器Router2配置如下:

hostname router2

enable secret 5 $1$T4IU$2cIqak8f/E4Ug6dLT0k.J0

enable password cisco

username router1 password cisco

ip subnet-zero

chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

chat-script reset atz

interface Ethernet0

ip address 202.96.37.100 255.255.255.0

interface Serial0

ip address 202.96.0.2 255.255.255.0

no ip mroute-cache

encapsulation x25

x25 address 10112225

x25 htc 16

x25 map ip 202.96.0.1 10112227 broadcast

interface Serial1

no ip address

shutdown

interface Async1

ip address 202.96.1.2 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp

keepalive 30

async default routing

async mode dedicated

dialer in-band

dialer idle-timeout 60

dialer wait-for-carrier-time 120

dialer map ip 202.96.1.1 name router1 modem-script cisco-default 2113469

dialer-group 1

ppp authentication chap

router eigrp 200

redistribute static

network 202.96.0.0

no ip classless

ip route 202.96.38.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.1 200

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

line con 0

exec-timeout 0 0

line aux 0

script reset reset

modem InOut

modem autoconfigure discovery

transport input all

rxspeed 38400

txspeed 38400

flowcontrol hardware

line vty 0 4

password cisco

end

九、路由协议

（一）RIP协议

RIP(Routing information Protocol)是应用较早、使用较普遍的内部网关协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP)，适用于小型同类网络，是典型的距离向量(distance-vector)协议。文档见RFC1058、RFC1723。

RIP通过广播UDP报文来交换路由信息，每30秒发送一次路由信息更新。RIP提供跳跃计数(hop count)作为尺度来衡量路由距离，跳跃计数是一个包到达目标所必须经过的路由器的数目。如果到相同目标有二个不等速或不同带宽的路由器，但跳跃计数相同，则RIP认为两个路由是等距离的。RIP最多支持的跳数为15，即在源和目的网间所要经过的最多路由器的数目为15，跳数16表示不可达。

1. 有关命令

任务命令

指定使用RIP协议 router rip

指定RIP版本 version {1|2}1

指定与该路由器相连的网络 network network

注：1.Cisco的RIP版本2支持验证、密钥管理、路由汇总、无类域间路由(CIDR)和变长子网掩码(VLSMs)

2. 举例

Router1:

router rip

version 2

network 192.200.10.0

network 192.20.10.0

！

相关调试命令：

show ip protocol

show ip route

返回目录

（二）IGRP协议

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)是一种动态距离向量路由协议，它由Cisco公司八十年代中期设计。使用组合用户配置尺度，包括延迟、带宽、可靠性和负载。

缺省情况下，IGRP每90秒发送一次路由更新广播，在3个更?芷谀?即270秒)，没有从路由中的第一个路由器接收到更新，则宣布路由不可访问。在7个更?芷诩?30秒后，Cisco IOS 软件从路由表中清除路由。

1. 有关命令

任务命令

指定使用RIP协议 router igrp autonomous-system1

指定与该路由器相连的网络 network network

指定与该路由器相邻的节点地址 neighbor ip-address

注：1、autonomous-system可以随意建立，并非实际意义上的autonomous-system,但运行IGRP的路由器要想交换路由更新信息其autonomous-system需相同。