一、试题部分
2003年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates
Section ⅠListening Comprehension
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C.
Remember,while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET I.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For Questions 1-5,You will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Arts. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)
Boston Museum of Fine ArtsFounded(year) 1870Opened to the public(year) 1Moved to the current location(year) 1909The west wing completed(year) 2Number of departments 9The most remarkable department 3Exhibition space(m2) 4Approximate number of visitors/year 800,000Programs provided classes lectures 5 filmsPart B
Directions:
For Questions 6-10，you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below.(5 points)
What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? 6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them 7Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they cant talk with each other? 8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their 9According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder? 10Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing ［A］，［B］，［C］or［D］ . After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)
Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because they
［A］sleep in three distinct parts ［B］ have many fiveminute naps
［C］sleep in one long block［D］take one or two naps daily
12. According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by
［A］its genes［B］ its habit
［C］its mental state［D］ its physical condition
13. The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, you should
［A］take some refreshment ［B］ go to bed early
［C］have a long rest［D］give in to sleep
Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?
［A］He could bring unfinished work home.
［B］He might have time to pursue his interests.
［C］He might do some evening teaching.
［D］He could invest more emotion in his family.
15.What was his original goal at college?
［A］To teach in high school.［B］ To write his own books.
［C］To be a medical doctor.［D］ To be a mathematician.
16. Why did he take the poetrywriting class?
［A］ To follow his father. ［B］ For an easy grade.
［C］To change his specialty.［D］ For knowledge of poetry.
Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17. What is the most important thing in public speaking ?
［A］Confidence.［B］ Preparation.
［C］Informativeness.［D］ Organization.
18. What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audiences attention？
［A］ Gather abundant data.［B］ Organize the ideas logically.
［C］Develop a great opening.［D］ Select appropriate material.
19. If you dont start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel
［A］ uneasy［B］ uncertain［C］frustrated［D］ depressed
20. Who is this speech most probably meant for?
［A］Those interested in the power of persuasion.［B］Those trying to improve their public image.
［C］Those planning to take up some public work.［D］Those eager to become effective speakers.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Section ⅡUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark ［A］，［B］，［C］ or ［D］ on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can be best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially selfconscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 ,publishing newsletters with many studentwritten book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
21. ［A］ thought ［B］ idea ［C］ opinion ［D］ advice
22. ［A］ strengthen ［B］ accommodate ［C］ stimulate ［D］ enhance
23. ［A］ care ［B］ nutrition ［C］ exercise ［D］ leisure
24. ［A］ If ［B］ Although ［C］ Whereas ［D］ Because
25. ［A］ assistance ［B］guidance ［C］ confidence ［D］ tolerance
26. ［A］ claimed ［B］ admired ［C］ ignored ［D］ surpassed
27. ［A］ improper ［B］ risky ［C］ fair ［D］ wise
28. ［A］ in effect ［B］ as a result ［C］ for example ［D］ in a sense
29. ［A］ displaying ［B］ describing ［C］ creating ［D］ exchanging
30. ［A］ durable ［B］ excessive ［C］ surplus ［D］ multiple
31. ［A］ group ［B］ individual ［C］ personnel ［D］ corporation
32. ［A］ consent ［B］ insurance ［C］ admission ［D］ security
33. ［A］ particularly ［B］ barely ［C］ definitely ［D］ rarely
34. ［A］ similar ［B］ long ［C］ different ［D］ short
35. ［A］ if only ［B］ now that ［C］ so that ［D］ even if
36. ［A］ everything ［B］ anything ［C］ nothing ［D］ something
37. ［A］ off ［B］ down ［C］ out ［D］ alone
38. ［A］ On the contrary ［B］ On the average ［C］ On the whole ［D］ On the other hand
39. ［A］ making［B］ standing［C］ planning ［D］ taking
40. ［A］ capabilties ［B］ responsibilities ［C］ proficiency ［D］ efficiency
Section ⅢReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］，［B］，［C］ or ［D］。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Passage1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession”。 These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.
The last revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens email. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of pointandclick spying. The spooks call it “opensource intelligence”， and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions， whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligenceanalysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energyservices firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“ As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet signups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Opensource spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have militaryintelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington backand forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has
［A］ received support from fans like Donovan.［B］ remolded the intelligence services.
［C］ restored many common pastimes.［D］ revived spying as a profession.
42.Donovans story is mentioned in the text to
［A］ introduce the topic of online spying.［B］ show how he fought for the U.S.
［C］ give an episode of the information war.［D］ honor his unique services to the CIA.
43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means
［A］ causing the biggest trouble.［B］ exerting the greatest effort.
［C］ achieving the greatest success.［D］ enjoying the widest popularity.
44.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that
［A］ Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
［B］ Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
［C］ Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictability.
［D］ Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
45.Straitford is most proud of its
［A］ official status.［B］ nonconformist image.
［C］ efficient staff.［D］ military background.
Passage2
To paraphrase 18thcentury statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals——no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such wellmeaning people just dons understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well——known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to
［A］ call on scientists to take some actions.
［B］ criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
［C］ warn of the doom of biomedical research.
［D］ show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
［A］ cruel but natural.［B］ inhuman and unacceptable.
［C］ inevitable but vicious.［D］ pointless and wasteful.
48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics
［A］ discontent with animal research.［B］ ignorance about medical science.
［C］ indifference to epidemics.［D］ anxiety about animal rights.
49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should
［A］ communicate more with the public.［B］ employ hitech means in research.
［C］ feel no shame for their cause.［D］ strive to develop new cures.
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
［A］ a wellknown humanist.［B］ a medical practitioner.
［C］ an enthusiast in animal rights.［D］ a supporter of animal research.
Passage3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total tonmiles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because
［A］ cost reduction is based on competition.
［B］ services call for crosstrade coordination.
［C］ outside competitors will continue to exist.
［D］ shippers will have the railway by the throat.
52.What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
［A］ Indifferent.［B］ Supportive.［C］ Indignant.［D］ Apprehensive.
53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
［A］ shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
［B］ there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
［C］ overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
［D］ a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
54.The word “arbiters”(line 7 ，paragraph 4)most probably refers to those
［A］ who work as coordinators.［B］ who function as judges.
［C］ who supervise transactions.［D］ who determine the price.
55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
［A］ the continuing acquisition.［B］ the growing traffic.
［C］ the cheering Wall Street.［D］ the shrinking market.
Passage4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great healthcare system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by thirdparty payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late——stage cancer care. Physicians——frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient——too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age——say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” ,so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet startup in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68yearold,I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.
56.What is implied in the first sentence?
［A］ Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
［B］ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
［C］ Americans are overconfident of their medical technology.
［D］ Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
［A］ medical resources are often wasted.［B］ doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
［C］ some treatments are too aggressive.［D］ medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
58.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of
［A］ strong disapproval.［B］ reserved consent.
［C］ slight contempt.［D］ enthusiastic support.
59.In contrast to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
［A］ more flexibly.［B］ more extravagantly.
［C］ more cautiously.［D］ more reasonably.
60.The text intends to express the idea that
［A］ medicine will further prolong peoples lives.
［B］ life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
［C］ death should be accepted as a fact of life.
［D］ excessive demands increase the cost of health care.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”。 By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field——study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as “。。。that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
Section ⅣWriting
66.Directions:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning
2) point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
