35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developingsteadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new landneeded for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）
史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在从句的主语the agrarian discontent后面又来了一个定语从句。
意群训练：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developingsteadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new landneeded for further expansion of the American farming system.
36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the politicaland social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and localmagnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。
这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。
意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the politicaland social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and localmagnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
37. Historians such as Le Roy Laduriehave used the documents to extract casehistories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are notconfined to，attitudes toward crime andthe law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的case history的。在which引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可以看到这个插入语中又套了一个插入语but not confined to。
意群训练：Historians such as Le Roy Laduriehave used the documents to extract casehistories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are notconfined to，attitudes toward crime andthe law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）
难句类型：复杂修饰
译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？
解释：句首的it是形式主语，其具体内容是从that开始到句子结束的全部内容。That从句中，主语a historyian之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中间被修饰第一个crime rates的两个修饰成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很远。在with之后的第二个crime rates后面，省略了与前面重复的per thousand in a European city。
意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
39. My point is that its centralconsciousness—its profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。
解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不过本句中as的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。插入语后面还有一个固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。
意群训练：My point is that its centralconsciousness—its profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）
即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配
解释：主语the requirement后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语；由于requirement的同位语中要求使用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之长的修饰成分过后，谓语can be met与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从by开始的状语结构更为复杂；修饰techniques的后置的定语derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants实际上是由or所连接的两个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from中还套了另外一个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from则干脆把derive给省略了。此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。
意群训练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）
但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多；主语achieving necessary matches之后的修饰成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主语和谓语requires分开。值得注意的是修饰宾主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定语从句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意思是哪个。
意群训练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
