1.It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型
Shehadsaidwhatitwasnecessarytosay.
2.强调句型
Itisnotwhorulesusthatisimportant,buthowherulesus.
3."All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词)
Hewasallgentlenesstoher.
4.利用词汇重复表示强调
Acrimeisacrimeacrime.
5."something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of""somethingof"相当于"tosomeextent",表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中,则为"anythingof",可译为"有点","略微等。""译为毫无","全无"。"muchof"译为"大有","notmuchof"可译为"算不上","称不上","littleof"可译为"几乎无"。somethinglike译为"有点像,略似。"
Theysaythathehadnouniversityeducation,butheseemstobesomethingofascholar.
6.同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语,以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"heroldsharperofafather",可译为:"她那骗子般的父亲"。
Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch.
7.as…as…can(may)be
Itisasplainasplaincanbe.
8."Itisin(with)…asin(with)"
Itisinlifeasinajourney.
9."asgoodas…"相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。
Themerchantasgoodaspromisedtheorphanboy,thathewouldadopthim.
10."manyaswell…as"和"mightaswell…as""manyaswell…as"可译为"与其……,不如……,更好","以这样做……为宜","如同……,也可以……"等等。"mightaswell…as"表示不可能的事,可译为"犹如……","可与……一样荒唐","与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitimperfectly.
11."tomake…of"的译法(使……成为……,把……当作)
Iwillmakeascientistofmyson.
12.oo…+不定式",not(never)too…+不定式","too…not+不定式
Sheistooangrytospeak.
13.only(not,all,but,never)too…todoso"和"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义,凡是"not","all""but等字后+"too…to,"不定式都失去了否定意义,在"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义。
Youknowbuttooyelltoholdyourtongue.
14."nomore…than…"句型
Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman.
15."notsomuch…as"和"notsomuchas…"结构,"notsomuch…as"="notsomuchas…",其中as有进可换用butrather,可译为:"与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"notsomuchas"="without(not)even,"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.
16."Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"结构,"Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"都具有最高级比较的意思,"NothingI"可换用"no","nobody","nowhere","little","few","hardly","scarcely"等等,可译为"没有……比……更为","像……再没有了","最……"等。
Nothingismorepreciousthantime.
17."cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"Itisimpossibletooverdo…"或者,即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly","scarcely"等,"too"可换用"enough","sufficient"等
Youcannotbetoocareful.
18."否定+but"结构,在否定词后面的"but",具有"whichnot","whonot","thatnot",等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothingissobadbutitmighthavebeenworse.
19."否定+until(till)"结构,在否定词"no","not","never","little","few","seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till",多数情况下译为"直到……才……","要……才……",把否定译为肯定。
Nobodyknowswhathecandotillhehastried.
20."notso…but"和"notsucha…but"结构,这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多,不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词,表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度","并不是……不……","无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
Heisnotsosickbuthecancometoschool.
21."疑问词+should…but"结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为"none…but",可译为"除了……还有谁会……","岂料","想不到……竟是……"等。
Whoshouldwriteitbuthimself?
22."whoknowsbut(that)…"和"whocouldshould…but"结构,这个结构是反问形式,一般意译为"多半","亦未可知"等等,有时也可直译。
Whoknowsbut(that)hemaygo?
23."祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构,"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…","祈使名+or"表示"if…not…,you。
Addlovetoahouseandyouhaveahome.Aadrighteousnesstoacityandyouhaveacommunity.Aadtruthtoapileofredbrickandyouhaveaschool.
24."名词+and"结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。
Aword,andhewouldlosehistemper.
25."as…,so…"结构,这里的"so"的意思是"inthesameway"(也是如此)。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
Asrusteatsiron,socareeatstheheart.
26."ifany"结构,"ifany"和"ifever",意思是"果真有……","即使有……",表示加强语气。与此类似的还有:"ifanything"(如有不同的话,如果稍有区别),"ifaday"(=atleast,至少)。
Thereislittle,ifany,hope.
27."beitever(never)so"和"letitbeever(never)so"结构,这里,"beit"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式,现代英语则使用"letitbe"。"everso"和"neverso"都表示同一意思,都表示"very"。
Beiteversohumble(letitbeeversohumble),homeishome.
28."thelast+不定式"和"thelast+定语从词"结构,这种结构中的"last"意思是"theleastlikely",用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的","最不合适的",由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
Heisthelastmantoacceptabride.
29."so…that…"句型,这个句型的意思是"如此……,以致于……",但在翻译成汉语时,许多情况下,并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……",而是变通表达其含义。
Heransofastthatnobodycouldcatchhimup.
30."more+than+原级形容词(副词)"结构,这是将不同性质加以比较,其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
Itismorethanprobablethathewillfall.
31."morethan+动词"结构,这种结构表示动词的程度,可译为"异常","岂止","十二分地"等。
Thismorethansatisfiedme.
32."goodand…"的副词用法,译为"非常","很"等。类似还有"niceand…","fineand…,""lovelyand…","brightand…","rareand…","bigand…"等,均表示程度。
Theapplesaregoodandripe.
33."andthat"结构,这个"andthat"应译为"而且……",表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强,"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。
Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.
34."atonce…and"结构,这个结构译为"既……又……",起相关连接的作用,相当于"both…and…"。
Thenovelisatoncepleasingandinstructive.
35."inthat…"结构,这个结构的意思是"在那一点上(方面)",可译为"因为"。类似的结构还有"inthis…"。
Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts.
36."thenamenotwithstanding"结构,这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词,这个介词可以置前,可以置后,比如也可写成:"notwithstandingthename"。起让步状语的作用。
Somepeoplethinkofthestoragebatteryasasortofcondenserwhereelectricityisstored.Butthisisanentirelywrongconception,thenamenotwithstanding.
37."Every…not"和"All…not"结构,"Every…not"表示"不见得每个……都是……";"All…not"表示"不见得所有……都是……"的意思。
Everymanisnotpolite,andallarenotborngentlemen.
38."mayaswellnot…as"结构,此结构可译为"与其……不如不……"。
Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectly.
39."haveonlyto…do"结构,此结构表示"只须(消)……就能……"的意思。
WehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoverymadebyEdisontoseethesignificanceofit.
40."not(no)…unless…"句型
Noincreaseinoutputcanbeexpectedunlessanewassemblylineisinstalled.
41."better…than…"句型
Bettermylifeshouldbeendedbytheirhate,thanthathatedlifeshouldbeprolongedtolivewithoutyourlove.
42."asitwere"是一个非常常用的插入语,意思是"好象","可以说"等。
Apieceofironnearamagnet,thoughapparentlyseparatefromit,feels,asitwere,thethreadsofthisattachment.
43.复杂结构,在下面例句中,由于anyone的定语从句过长,把谓语mustrealize提到定语从句之前。
Thoughfaithandconfidencearesurelymoreorlassforeigntomynature,Idonotinfrequentlyfindmyselflookingtothemtobeable,diligent,candid,andevenhonest.Plainlyenough,thatistoolargeanorder,asanyonemustrealizewhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpublicoffice.
44."not…anymorethan…"为:"不能……,正如不能……"。
Onecannotlearntosketchandexpresshimselfgraphicallyonlybyreadingaboutitanymorethanonecanlearntoswimwhilestandingbythepool.
45."Bythatasitmay"是"Letitbethatasitmay"的省略形式,是由"be"引起的另外一种假设结构,意思是"虽然如此,尽管这样"。
Itissaidthatthenervepoisonisthemoreprimitiveofthetwo,thatthebloodpoisonis,sotospeak,anewproductfromanimprovedformula.Bethatasitmay,thenervepoisondoesitsbusinesswithmanfarmorequicklythanthebloodpoison.
46."ifatall"是一个由"if"引起的主谓结构不完整的短句结为"即将……","即使……"等。
Icanseeonlywithgreatdifficulty,ifatall.
47.由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构.
Therehavebeenopeneduptothevastandexcellentscience,inwhichmyworkisthebeginning,waysandmeansbywhichothermindsmoreaccuratethanwinewillexploreitsremotecorners.
48."rangefrom…to…"结构。这是一个常见结构,译时很多情况下应变通处理,不能完全依靠辞典上的释义。
Computerapplicationsrangefromanassemblylinecompletelyrunbycomputerstoachildrentoyrespondingtoremotesignals.
49."theway…"结构
Ialwaysthoughtshewasacommon-sensepersonwhodiscussedthingsthewaytheyoughttobediscussed.
50.复杂宾补结构
Inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofsensitiveandaccuratemeasuringequipmenthasmadeitpossibletomeasuretheacuityofhearingofanyindividualatdifferentfrequencies.
51.某些分隔结构
1)动词短语相关部分被分隔(当"makeuseof","takenoticeof","payattentionto",
等动词短语变成被动语态时)。
Useismadeofsolarenergyinheatinghouses.
2)双重定语引起的分隔。
Butthereisofcultureanotherview,inwhichnotsolelythescientificpassion,thesheerdesiretoseethingsastheyare,naturalandproperinanintelligentbeing,appearsasthegroundofit.
52."tobedoing…when…"是一个句型,多译为"某人正在做……时,突然……"。在简单的句子中容易看出,一旦句子变得复杂一些,可能就不太容易识别这种句型。
Shesaidsheandafriendhadgoneouttodinnerthatnight,andwerewalkinghometogetheratabout10o''clock,whena"verybig,verytallman",accostedthemanddemandedtheirpurses.
53."too…to"句型
ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall.
54."somuchthat…"句型
ButhedevelopedgraduallyaverymusicalEnglish.Helearnttowritesentencesthatfallawayontheearwithamistylanguoranditdelightedhimsomuchthathecouldneverhaveenoughofit.
55."when"引导状语从句有时并不好译,不能一看到when从句就考虑译为"当……的时候",它还有许多种译法。
Anythingisbetterthannottowriteclearly.Thereisnothingtobesaidagainstlucidity,andagainstsimplicityonlythepossibilityofdryness.Thisisariskthatiswellworthtakingwhenyoureflecthowmuchbetteritistobeboldthantowearacurlywig.
56."not…because…",有时可否定前面,有时可否定because本身,往往出现歧义。应根据上下文面判定。
In1600theearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniversebecausethemajoritythensupposeditwas;nor,becauseshehadmorereaders,wasEllawheelerWilcoxabetterpoetthanFatherHopkins.
57."so…that,such…that"是一个普通的句型,但在同一个句子里有两处使用它却比较少见。
Thetruthis,thatinonepointofview,thismatterofnationalliteraturehascometosuchapasswithus,thatinsomesensewemustturnbullies,elsethedayislost,orsuperioritysofarbeyondus,thatwecanhardlysayitwilleverbeours.
58."bydoing…"结构。这个结构的意思是"通过(做)……",但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义,不少情况下需要灵活变通。
Thehippos,bydepositingdunginthewater,fedthefishthatsupportthestorksthatdestroytheraretrees.
59.下面例句为一倒装句,主语很长,而且又含有非常复杂的句型。这是以形容词作表语的倒装,翻译实践中多把倒装部分译到最前面。
Nolessobviousisthefacttherearegreatnumbersofpeoplesoconstitutedorsobroughtupthattheycannotgetsomuchpleasureoutofprocessesandexperiencesresultinginapoorerlifelessfullofmeaning.
60."what…of"句型
IcannotsayofmyselfwhatJohnsonsaidofPope:Heneverpassedafaultunamendedbyindifference,norquitteditbydespair.IdonotwriteasIdo;IwriteasIcan.
61.英语的一个习惯用法是:当否定谓语think(believe)时,实际上是否定其后面的宾语从句。否定就落在宾语从句上。这样宾语从句就变成了双重否定,译时可以按双重否定译,也可按肯定来译。
Itisavaluablework.Idonotthinkanyonewritessowellthathecannotlearnmuchfromit.
62."tohavenot…(as)tosee…"中的不定式也有否定意味。
Hehadnotthegoodbreedingtoseethatsimplicityandnaturalnessarethetruestmarksofdistinction.
63."Itoccurredtosb.that…"意为"突然想到","Itdawnedonsb.that…"."突然想起"等。从句是想起的内容。
Irememberoncebeingonabusandlookingatastranger.Hesuddenlylookedbackatme-i.e.oureyesmet.Myinstinctivereactionwastoavertmygaze.ItoccurredtomethatifIhadcontinuedtomaintaineyecontact,Iwouldhavebeenrudeandaggressive.
64."Itfollowsthat…"="Ithappensasaresult…"常常被译为"由此可见","因此","从前","可以推断"等等。
Itfollowsthatthehousewifewillalsoexpecttobeabletohavemoreleisureinherlifewithoutloweringherstandardofliving.Italsofollowsthathumandomesticservantswillhavecompletelyceasedtoexist.
65."that''sallthereistoit",意思是"也不过如此而已"。可根据上下文视情况处理。
IfI''mtouched,I''mtouched-that''sallthereistoit.
66."Thechancesarethat…"是一句型,译为"有可能……"。
Thechancesareyouwillneverattemptthatspeedwithpoetryorwanttoracethoughsomepassagesinfictionoverwhichyouwishtolinger.
67.Feel,see,leave引起宾语的宾语补足语,或在被动语态中引起主语补足语的某些惯用句型,有时see和feel这两个词的被动式不大好译。遇到这种情况应挖掘其深层含义,不要拘泥于表面形式。
Theeducationoftheyoungisseentobeofprimaryimportance.
68.某此以no,nowhere,never,not…bout,not…any,nothingbut,hardly,scarcely,seldom等否定词语引出的一些结构。
InevergopastthetheatrebutIthinkofhislastperformance.
69.某些用choicebetween,toknowbetter,whetheror,shouldhaveavoided(或donebetter)等表示从两种做法中选取一种更好的做法
Thenwearefacedwithachoicebetweenusingtechnologytoprovideandfulfilneedswhichhavehithertobeenregardedasunnecessaryor,ontheotherhand,usingtechnologytoreducethenumberofhoursofworkwhichamanmustdoinordertoearnagivenstandardoflibing.
70.某些省略情况,应清单确认省略的内容。
Thecountryhadgrownrich,itscommercewaslarge,andwealthdiditsnaturalworkinmakinglifesofterandmoreworldly,commerceindeprovincializingthemindsofthoseengagedinit.
71.修饰成分(包括定语、定语从句、同位语从句等)多而长。
AcrossthecourtfromtheManhattanapartmentthatIhaveoccupiedforthepastfewyearsisadogthatoftenhurlsinsultsintothedarkness,afewofwhichmydogrefusestoacceptandmakesatartreply.
72.一些外位语,所谓外位修饰,指从句子结构和内容上不起主要信息表达功能的部分。其作用是从语气和连接上下文等方面进行补充。在翻译成汉语时,往往可独立成句,外形上不保留修饰的痕迹。
Ofcourse,nobodywashurtthistime,becausewehadallbeentodinner,noneofusbeingnovicesexceptingHastings;andhehavingbeeninformedbytheministeratthetimethatheinvitedhimthatindeferencetotheEnglishcustomthehadnotprovidedanydinner.