1． 一般现在时的构成
动词为BE动词时：
肯定 否定 一般疑问 特殊疑问
I am I am not Am I 疑问词+be+sb.+…?
You are You are not Are you
He/She/It is He/She/It is not Is he/she/it
We/You/They are We/You/They are not Are we/you/they
动词为行为动词时：
I/You/We/They work. do not work Do sb. V原形。。。？ 疑问词+do+sb.+v原形？
He/She/It becomes does not become Does sb. V原形。。？疑问词+does+sb.+V.原形？
主语是He, She, It 或其它单数名词时，动词要用第三人称单数形式。
1） 一般动词，在词尾加-s, 清辅音后发音，浊辅音，元音后发音。
2） 在以/s/,/z/,/shi/, /chi/, /d3/等音素结尾的词尾加-es, 读作。如果词尾为e,只加-s.
introduces, washes, teaches, loses, watches, passes, discusses
3） 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，把-y变成-I, 再加-es, 读作
studies, flies, dries, tidies
4） 以辅音字母加-o结尾的词，一般情况是在词尾加-es，读作/z/
goes, does
动词为have 时
I/You/We/They have (not) (got)… Have I/you/we/they …? What do I/you/we/they have?
He/She/It has (not) (got)… Has he/she/it….? What does he/she/it have?
否定还可以是：do not/don’t have does not/doesn’t have
存在句
There is (not) a/an/. Is there a/an/. n … ? How many ns are there 介词短语？
There are (not) ns. Are there ns….?
祈使句(没有主语)
肯定式 V……..。Have a good time. Open your books. Be quiet.
否定式 Don’t … . Don’t take the pen away. Don’t be so slow.
Let me v原形…. Let me have a try.
Let us/ Let’s V原形… Let’s begin the work.
感叹句
1． How + adj. + (冠词)+n. + be(is, am, are)!
2． How + adv. + (冠词)+n. +v/vs/vs!
3． How +(冠词)+n. v/vs/ves!
4． What + (冠词)+ (adj.)+n. (sb. be(is,am,are))!
选择疑问句：
一般疑问句 or 一般疑问句？ 后句中常省去意义上与前句相同的部分（主语必须相同否则不可省）
Shall I go or will you go yourself?
Do you prefer pork or (do you prefer) chicken?
Will he come here on Monday or (on) Tuesday?
Does she work in a factory or (in) an office?
# Is she at home or in her office?
否定句： 在be 动词 或 do/does/did/情态动词 后加not
一般疑问： 把be 动词 或 do/does/did/情态动词 提到主语前
特殊疑问句：1） 疑问词（What, Who, When, Where, Why, How）+ be +sb.(+…)?
2）疑问词（What, Who, When, Where, Why, How）+ do/does/did/情态动词+sb.+v原形+。。。？
单数 复数
人称 主格 宾格 物主代词 名词性物主代词 主格 宾格 物主代词 名词性物主代词
第一人称 I me my mine we us our ours
第二人称 you you your yours you you your yours
第三人称he,she,it him,her,it their his,hers,its they them their theirs
自身代词：myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves
名词的复数
1． 一般在词尾加-s. 清辅音后读 /s/ ；浊辅音后读/z/
2． 在以/s/,/z/, /shi/,/chi/, /d3/等音结尾的名词之后加-es, 如词尾为e，只加-s.
classes, exercises, inches, brushes, pages
3． 如词尾为辅音加y, 则变y为I, 再加-es.
Factories, universities, families
4． Negro, hero, tomato, potato 后加es, 其他以o结尾的名词只加-s.
5． Thief, wife, shelf, knife, leaf, half, wolf，life 变f 为v再加-es. 其他以f结尾的名词只加-s.
6． 不规则变化：men, women, policemen, (#Germans) mouse—mice, feet, teeth,geese
children, oxen, sheep, deer, fish (集体名词)
7． 只有复数形式的名词：trousers, shorts, jeans, glasses, scissors
8． 形式上是复数，却用作单数的名词：mathematics, means, economics, physics
9． 单复数同形的名词：family, class, team, group, police, staff, crowd,
10. 表示时间，金钱，距离，重量等名词的复数，作为一个整体看待时，用作单数。
11.数词加名词作定语时，名词用单数形式，在数词和名词之间加连字符。
名词的单数
1． 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词包括： 个体名词和集体名词
不可数名词包括： 物质名词，抽象名词和专有名词
可数名词的单数形式前要加 a, 或者 an 取决于该名词的第一个音节是否是元音，而不是看是否元音字母。
A university, an hour, a usual event, an umbrella, an apple, an orange, an interesting…
可数名词的复数形式前可以加数词，或者 many, a lot of , lots of, some, any, a few, a couple of, a number of, no
不可数名词不分单复数，前不可加 a, 以及数词 但可加 much，a lot of, lots of, some, any, a little, no, 以及数量词组 a piece of, a glass of , two pounds of
常见的不可数名词： wood, plastic, leather, paper, cotton, wool, silk, nylon, gold, silver, food, rice, sugar, bread, salt, pepper, fruit, cheese, butter, meat, beef, pork, lamb, fish, water, beer, wine, juice, tea, coffee, air, smoke, hair, ice, luggage, money, time, music, work, labor, information, education, hatred, truth, importance, development, friendship, pleasure, weather
(食物，材料，抽象名词，指物的集体名词)
数词：分为基数词，序数词，分词，百分数，小数
基数词： one, two, three, …thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,…, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty one,…twenty nine, thirty, thirty one…., forty,…,fifty,…,sixty,…,seventy,.., eighty,.., ninety,.., a hundred, a hundred and one,…, two hundred,…,nine hundred,…, a thousand,…, nine thousand,…,
读一百以上的数字时，十位和百位之间有and 连接，如果没有十位，个位和百位之间有and连接，也可以不读。
6，937 six thousand, nine hundred and thirty seven
123, 803 one hundred, twenty three thousand, eight hundred (and) three
序数词：first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, …, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first, twenty-second,…,thirtieth, thirty-first,…,fortieth,…,ninetieth,…, hundredth,…,thousandth
分词：one half, one third, one fourth, one fifth ….(基数词+序数词)
分子大于等于二时，序数词后加-s. five sevenths
小数：小数点读作“point” 小数点前按照基数词读，小数点后一个一个读。
78．209 seventy eight point two zero/naught/oh nine (零有三种读法)
百分数： 先读% 前的数词 然后再加上 percent 78% seventy eight percent 0.765% zero point seven six five percent
定冠词的用法：定冠词可以加在可数名词前也可加在不可数名词前， 可加在名词的单数形式前也可加在名词的复数形式前
1． 加在有后置定语修饰的名词前
the book on the desk, the woman over there, the house near the post office
2． 指说话人彼此心知肚明的人或事物。
Let’s meet at the railway station.
Please give the books to the teacher.
3． 与前面或刚提到的人或事物连用
This is our classroom. The classroom is very bright and clean.
4． 表示世界上独一无二的事物
the sun, th
