为什么又要分词类，又要分句子成分呢？词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。
那么什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。 英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志。如第一人称代词作主语就用主格"Ｉ",作宾语用宾格"me"，作定语用所有格"my"。这些形态变化对分析辨认成分很有帮助。汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多，实际上有不少差别。
例如：
(1) Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home. 小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了。
(2) I''ll go when I have had my dinner. 我吃了饭就去。
在英语中，同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略，必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来。而在汉语中，同一个主语在句中第二次出现时，就可以省略。如例（１）中，汉语说"小李回家后立刻就睡觉了"，省去了第二个分句的主语，倒可以避免造成误解。若将第二次出现的主语补出来，说成"小李回家后，他立刻就睡觉了"。听的人反而可能把那个"他"误会成另一个人。 把句子的各个成分搞清楚，也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚。做到这一点，才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。
有一点要注意，在分析句子结构时，应该抓住主要成分。我们分析句子结构，划分句子成分无非是为了理解，或者是为了造句。这个目的达到了就行了，不必过于细致，更不要钻牛角尖，否则就会事倍功半。 各种语言有各自的规则、各自的习惯，而且语言是很灵活的东西，发展过程也很复杂，很难把语法的现象都做出明确、统一的解释来。在使用一种语言时，语法应让位于习惯。符合习惯的，有时尽管不符合语法，也是正确的。
英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型 一
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 Ｓ :1. The sun 2. The moon 3. The universe 4. We all 5. Who 6. What he said 7. They 8. The pen Ｖ （不及物动词） :was shining. rose. remains. breathe, eat, and drink. cares? does not matter. talked for half an hour. writes smoothly 1. 太阳在照耀着。 2. 月亮升起了。 3. 宇宙长存。 4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. 管它呢？ 6. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. 这支笔书写流利。
基本句型 二
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 Ｓ Ｖ（是系动词） Ｐ
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. He fell in love.
4. Everything looks different.
5. He is growing tall and strong.
6. The trouble is that they are short of money.
7. Our well has gone dry.
8. His face turned red.
1. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. 午餐的气味很好。
3. 他堕入了情网。
4. 一切看来都不同了。
5. 他长得又高又壮。
6. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. 我们的井干枯了。
8. 他的脸红了。
基本句型 三
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 Ｓ Ｖ（及物动词） Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? ┃ ┃
2. She │smiled │her thanks. ┃ ┃
3. He │has refused │to help them. ┃ ┃
4. He │enjoys │reading. ┃ ┃
5. They │ate │what was left over. ┃ ┃
6. He │said │"Good morning." ┃ ┃
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. ┃ ┃
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. ┃
1. 谁知道答案？
2. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
4. 他喜欢看书。
5. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. 他说："早上好！"
7. 我想喝杯茶。
8. 他承认犯了错误。
基本句型 四
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。 ┃ Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） ┃ ┃
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. ┃ ┃
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. ┃ ┃
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. ┃ ┃
4. He │denies │her │nothing. ┃ ┃
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. ┃ ┃
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. ┃ ┃
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. ┃ ┃
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. ┃
1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。
3. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. 我给他看我的照片。
6. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. 他教我开机器。
基本句型 五
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。┃ Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） ┃ ┃
1. They │appointed │him │manager. ┃ ┃
2. They │painted │the door │green. ┃ ┃
3. This │set │them │thinking. ┃ ┃
4. They │found │the house │deserted. ┃ ┃
5. What │makes │him │think so? ┃ ┃
6. We │saw │him │out. ┃ ┃
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. ┃ ┃
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. ┃
1. 他们任命他当经理。
2. 他们把门漆成绿色。
3. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. 他怎么会这样想？
6. 我们送他出去。
7. 他要我早点回来。
8. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而 加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是 各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。
下面以基本句 型五为例：
We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report made by a comrade from the People''s Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关 东欧局势的重要报告。
不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类 型。以 get 为例：
He''s getting angry. (S V C)
He got through the window. (S V M)
You''ll get a surprise. (S V O)
He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)
He got himself into trouble. (S V O M)
He got her a splendid present. (S V 0 O)
在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思:
I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书。 （S V O M）
I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 （S V O C）
I have to do something. 我得做点事。
I have something to do. 我有点事做。
假設法句型
If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...
結構︰If＋現在式…，S＋未來式…
說明︰if 子句用現在式，表示須具備的條件，主句用未來式表示可能的結果，整句含意為"如果…，那麼…"。will 用於所有的人稱，在 I 和 we 之後可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主詞為 I 或 we 時，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果這樣）等固定片語實際上是省略了的 if 子句。
If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad. 如果我失業了，我就出國。
If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. 如果我頭痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。
If it rains, we will stay at home. 如果下雨，我們將待在家裡。
If the weather clears, we''ll go for a walk. 如果天晴，我們就去散步。
If the weather doesn''t clear, we won''t go for a walk. 如果天不晴，我們就不去散步。
Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up.
通貨膨脹率可能上升。如果是這樣，物價就會上漲。
If possible, She wants to go with us. 可能的話，她想跟我們一起去。
Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise.
英國貨幣可能貶值，如果果真如此，利率就會上升。
If + Present Tense ..., S + Modal Verb ...
結構︰If + 現在式，主詞＋情態助動詞
說明︰本句型實為<If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...>句型之變體。之所以用情態助動詞，主要是因為說話者對可能的結果不是太肯定或者是想表達例如必要的意思。
If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門可以出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門能夠出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門可能出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門可能出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門宜於出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門宜於出門。
If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out. 如果明天天氣好，我門必須出門。
If I should ..., Imperative Sentence.
結構︰If I＋should ...＋祈使語氣
說明︰<If + should + V>代替<if + 現在式>，增加了條件的不確定性。本句型常用在想禮貌地提出要求或建議，或者想圓通地告訴他人該做什麼事的場合。用 should 起始句子即可不用 if 而表示條件。這種用法比較正式，常用於諸如公函之中，而不用於日常會話。
If you should see him, please give him my regards. 如果你見到他，請代我向他致意。
Should you see him, please give him my regards. 如果你見到他，請代我向他致意。
If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.
如果你萬一見到他，請代我向他致意。
Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards.
如果你萬一見到他，請代我向他致意。
If you should write to her, send her my love. 如果你給她寫信，請代我向她問候。
Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.
你若不希望我們的代理人去造訪，請告之。
Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.
你若對我們的報價感興趣，請與我們聯繫。
If I should ..., I will ...
結構︰If…should…，…would（will）／should（shall）等＋原形動詞
說明︰這是表示與未來事實相反的假設<句型>，if <子句>要用<助動詞> should，譯成"萬一"。should可置於<主詞>前，將 if 省略。<主要子句>的<助動詞>則視可能性做變化：若可能性低，則為過去式，若可能性高，則為現在式。should 可以提前，而將 if 省略。
If he should come, I would tell him the truth. 萬一他來，我會把真相告訴他。
If he should come, I will tell him the truth. 萬一他來，我一定會把真相告訴他。
Should the boy come again, I would throw him out. 要是那男孩在來，我就把他攆出去。
If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled. 萬一下雨，我們的計劃就泡湯了。
Should that be true, the contract would be canceled. 假如那是真的，合約就該取消。
Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings?
萬一另一次世界大戰爆發，人類將會發生什麼事？
If I were to ..., I ...
結構︰If…were to…，…would／should 等＋原形動詞
說明︰這也是表示與未來狀況相反的假設<句型>，與"if ... should, ..."大致相同，但"if ... were to"所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示"與真理相反"的<假設語氣>。
If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.
要是太陽從西邊出來，他就會通過考試－－他不可能通過考試。
If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird. 我要是再活一次，我想當一隻鳥。
If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like?
萬一太陽消失了，地球會變成什麼樣子？
Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do?
萬一明天我死了，我的孩子們將怎麼辦呢？
If I + V-ed, I would ...
結構︰If…＋過去式動詞…，主詞＋過去式助動詞（would／should 等）＋原形動詞
說明︰這是與現在事實相反的假設句型。if <子句>中的<be><動詞>，不論<主詞>為第幾人稱，一律用 were，were 可置於主詞前面，而省略 if。過去式<助動詞>除用 should（用於第一人稱）、 would（用於第二、三人稱）外，還可用不分人稱的 could，might 和 ought to，它們與<動詞>原形結合起來構成<假設語氣>。
If I knew his address, I could write to him. 如果我知道他的住址，我會寫信給他。
If I were free now, I might call on him. 如果我有時間，我可能會去看他。
If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do?
如果你站在我的立場，你會怎麼做？
Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car. 如果我有足夠的錢，我就買一輛賽車了。
How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller! 要是我再高幾寸，我會好高興。
If I had a car, I could take her for a drive. 如果我有車， 我就帶她去兜風了。
If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.
如果我有望遠鏡，我就可以清楚地看見那顆彗星。
It is time that ...
結構︰It is（high）time＋（that）＋主詞＋過去式動詞
說明︰此句型意為"已經到了…的時間了"。過去式<動詞>處有時亦使用"should＋<動詞>原形"。that <子句>也能用 to <不定詞>來表示。
It is time he went to bed. 該是他睡覺的時間了。
It is time that you left for the duty. 該你當班了。
It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes. 該是你反省思過的時候了。
It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.已經到了他該上咱家吃晚飯的時候了。
It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.
該是有人教你應對進退之禮儀的時候了。
If I had V-ed, I would have ...
結構︰If…had＋過去分詞…，主詞＋would／should 等＋have＋過去分詞
說明︰這是與過去事實相反的假設<句型>。if <子句>要用<過去完成式>，<主要子句>則要用過去式<助動詞>（would，should，ought to，might，could）＋have＋過去<分詞>。if <子句>中的 had可置於<主詞>前面，而省略 If。
If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth. 如果我當時看見他，我會告訴他實情。
I could have finished the task if I had had more time.
如果當時我能有多一點時間，我就能完成這項任務。
If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport.
如果我們事先知道你要離開，我們會到機場送行。
I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.
如果有人在他旁邊，或許他就不會溺死。
I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses.
若非我已經習慣了這樣的回答，我可能不敢輕易相信。
Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him.
她（那時）不會原諒他，若非他道了歉。
Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned. 我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。
Had I proposed to you, would you have married me?
我要是當年向你求婚，你會答應嫁給我嗎?
Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction.
假如沒有你的幫助，這筆生意早就告吹了。
If I had V-ed, I would ...
結構︰If…had＋過去分詞…，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞＋now／today
說明︰這是<時態>不一致時的假設<句型>，亦稱混合假設條件句。即：if <子句>若與過去事實相反，用<過去完成式>表示；而<主要子句>若與現在事實相反，則用過去式<助動詞>表示。此類<主要子句>句尾通常有表現在的<時間副詞>，如 now，today 等。
If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.
如果他年輕時多努力一點，現在就能過得舒服些。
If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.
如果十年前我有錢，今天我就能買下那棟房子了。
Had he told the truth, he wouldn''t be punished now.如果他當時肯說實話，現在就不會受罪了。
Had he followed the doctor''s advice, he might be alive now.
當時他要是聽了醫生的建議，現在可能還活著。
I wish ... + V-ed ...
結構︰I wish＋（that）＋主詞＋動詞過去式／過去完成式（had＋過去分詞）…
說明︰I wish 之後以 that <子句>為<受詞>時，該<子句>的<動詞>一定要用<假設語氣>：若<動詞>用過去式，表示與現在事實相反的願望；若用<過去完成式>，則表示與過去事實相反的願望。"I wish＋that-<子句>"的<句型>也可用"I would rather＋that-<子句>"取代。而 I hope 之後以 that <子句>做<受詞>時，該<子句>用一般<時態>。
I wish there were meadows and lambs. 但願有草地與小羊。
I wish I were as tall as you. 但願我像你一樣高。
I wish he could tell us. 但願他能告訴我們。
I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow. 但願他明天能來。
I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday. 但願昨天你們沒有淋到雨。
I wish you had not told the truth. 但願你沒有說實話。
I wish I had known you ten years ago. 真希望十年前就已經認識你。
If only + V-ed
結構︰If only＋過去式／過去完成式
說明︰此句型意為"要是…就好了。"用過去式，表示與現在事實相反；若用<過去完成式>，則表示與過去事實相反。
If only I had a rich father. 要是我有個有錢的爸爸就好了。
If only he had been here. 要是他當時在這兒就好了。
If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次機會就好了。
... as if/as though ...
結構︰…as if／as though…現在式／過去式／過去完成式
說明︰此句型意為"彷彿…；好像…一樣"。as if，as though 是<副詞><連接詞>，引導<副詞子句>。<子句>中，可用現在式，以表示事實；也可用過去式或<過去完成式>，分別表示與現在或過去事實相反的<假設語氣>。
He speaks like that as if he doesn''t want to attend the meeting.他那樣說話，似乎不想參加會議。
He walks as if he is drunk. 他走起路來好像他真的醉了。
He felt as if he almost wished to kill them. 他感覺彷彿幾乎要殺掉他們。
The baby opened the book as if he were able to read. 這個嬰兒打開書本彷彿他會念書。
The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.
這護士照顧這位病人彷彿在照顧她爸爸似的。
He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.
他跑進屋子，彷彿他看到什麼可怕的東西。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her. 她當時看起來好像什麼事都沒發生似的。
It seems/looks as if ...
結構︰It seems／looks as if…
說明︰此句型意為"似乎…"。本句型中的 as if <子句>可用以表示事實，或<假設語氣>。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。
It seems as if he knows everything. 他似乎是個萬事通。
It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be.
他似乎是個萬事通。其實他是再愚蠢不過了。
It looks as if she had just come back from outer space.
她看起來彷彿剛從外太空回來似的。
It seemed as if he had finished the work. 他似乎已經完成了這個工作。
It seemed as if he would never finish the work. 他似乎永遠完成不了這個工作。
If it were not for ...
結構︰if it were not for＋名詞／子句，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞…
說明︰此句型意為"若非（有）…"。此類句構專門用於表示與現在事實相反的<假設語氣>。亦可用"but for＋<名詞>"或"without＋<名詞>"代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例句3。
If it were not for his presence, I would punish you. 要不是他在場，我會處罰你的。
But for your advice, I should have failed. 要不是你的忠告，我會失敗的。
But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull. 要不是音樂，人生會很無聊。
If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth.
大氣中如果沒有氧和氮，人就無法生存於地球了。
Without air, all living things would die. 若非空氣，所有的生物都會死亡。
Without newspaper, we would get behind the times. 要不是報紙，我們都趕不上時代了。
I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers. 我會寂寞，若非有鳥也有花。
Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.若非有他的幫助，我就不能完成這件工作。
Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live.
若非科學，我們無法過著舒適的生活。
If it had not been for ...
結構︰if it had not been for＋名詞／子句，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞…
說明︰此句型意為"若非（有）…"。此類句構專門用於表示與過去事實相反的<假設語氣>。
If it had not been for his help, I should have failed. 如果沒有他的幫忙，我應該已經失敗。
Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy. 若非你及時伸出援助之手，本公司將會瀕臨破產的邊緣。
If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible. 要不是這些實驗，這部機器也許就不可能改良了。
Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.
要不是這位好心的嚮導，我可能就在山中迷路了。
If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.
要不是他在場，我當時就會處罰你。
I demand/insist that ...
結構︰主詞1＋意志動詞（demand／insist 等）＋（that）＋主詞2＋（should）＋原形動詞
說明︰意志<動詞>有四類：建議（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge 等），要求（desire， ask，demand，require，request，maintain，insist 等），命令（order，command 等），規定（ rule，regulate，stipulate 等）。其後接 that-<子句>時，該<子句>裡的<動詞>要用原形或"should＋<動詞>"。美式英語通常省略 should。
The committee moved that the meeting (should) be adjourned. 委員提議休會。
His parents demanded that he (should) be back by ten. 他的父母要求他十點以前回家。
The employees demand that their salaries be raised. 員工們要求加薪。
They ruled that the law (should) not be imposed. 他們規定不應加重法律。
His father ordered that he (should) keep a diary in English.
他的父親規定他要用英文寫日記。
My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education.
我媽媽鼓勵我，而且堅持我應該繼續我的教育。
He insisted that I (should) apologize to her. 他堅持我應該向她道歉。
Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to drive.
最近，許多州堅持中學應該教學生如何開車。
His father insisted that they (should) move to the country. 他爸爸堅持他們應該搬到鄉下。
It is proper ... that ...
結構︰It is＋意志形容詞（important 等）＋（that）＋主詞＋（should）＋原形動詞
說明︰意志<形容詞>包括 important，necessary，imperative，essential，urgent，desirable， advisable，recommendable，proper 等。that-<子句>中只能用<助動詞> should，不可用 must，而 should 往往予以省略。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些資料供我參考。
It is essential that he get up early. 他有必要早起。
It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.
急需將食物和衣服送給災民。
It is desirable that we (should) provide for the poor at Christmas.
在聖誕節施捨窮人是可喜的事。
It is important that he be quiet. 他該保持安靜是有必要的。
It is important that he not do it. 他不該做那事是有必要的。
It is requested that all members be present at the party. 全體會員都被要求出席這次晚會。
It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely. 這麼壞的人受重罰是應該的。
Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause
結構︰祈使句＋連接詞＋主句
說明︰<祈使句>表示須具備的條件，主句表示可能的結果。<祈使句>代替 if 子句進行評說，提出要求，訂立協議，提供建議或威脅等。<祈使句>的用法比 if 子句表示的更為緊迫。
Provide the materials and we''ll do the job. 提供材料，我們就做這活。
Stop shouting or you''ll wake up the neighbors. 不要喊了，否則你會把鄰居吵醒的。
Put that down or else I''ll smack you. 把它放下，不然我就揍你。
Be there on time, otherwise you''ll create a bad impression.
要準時來，否則你會給人一個壞的印象。
Fail to pay and they''ll cut off the electricity. 你（如果）不付款，他們就要斷電。
Stop eating sweets, or you won''t get any dinner. 你如果不停止吃糖，你就不要吃飯。
Unless ...
結構︰Unless＋子句，主要子句
說明︰此句型意為"除非…"。unless 引導一個否定假設句，相當於 if ... not ...，有時可以互換使用。總體上看，unless 的語氣強於 if ... not ...，而且有時較為常用，例如在最後通牒中。
Unless you change your mind (=If you don''t change you mind), I won''t be able to help you.
除非你改變你的想法，否則我不能幫助你。
Unless the management improves their offer, there''ll be a strike.
除非資方做出進一步的建議，否則將舉行罷工。
I couldn''t have got to the meeting on time － unless I had caught an earlier train.
我不可能及時趕到會場，除非我趕上了較找的一班火車。
Provided/Providing (that) ....
結構︰Provided／provided（that）＋子句，S＋V ...
說明︰此句型意為"如果…"。Provided/Providing (that) 引導假設條件句，其功能相當於 if。
Provided/Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.
如果你到今晚把手頭上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。
As/So long as ...
結構︰As/So long as ＋子句，S＋V ...
說明︰此句型意為"如果…，只要…"。As/So long as引導一個條件假設句，其功能相當於 if。
So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave.
如果你到今晚把手頭上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。
As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 如果你開車小心，你就會很安全。
You may eat anything, so long as you don''t eat too much.
只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何東西。
As long as live, I will help you. 只要我活著，我都會幫助你。
As long as you don''t betray me, I''ll do whatever you ask me to (do).
只要你不出賣我，要我做什麼我都願意。
We''ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我們就盡早裝貨。
You will never be good students so long as you goof around.
如果你們成天游手好閒，就永遠也成不了好學生。
Suppose/Supposing (that) ...
結構︰Suppose/Supposing （that）＋子句，S＋V ...
說明︰此句型意為"如果…，假使…"。Suppose/Supposing (that) 引導假設條件句，其功能相當於 if。
Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?
如果我們誤了火車，我們將怎麼辦？
What if/Say ...
結構︰What if/Say＋子句，S＋V ...
說明︰此句型意為"假設…"。What if 和 Say 用來引導一個假設條件句，其義相當於 Let us suppose（讓我們假設）。
What if/Say he goes home before us and can''t get in? What will he do then?
假設他在我們之前趕到家而又進不去呢？那他怎麼辦呢？
What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?
假設你的錢用完了呢？你將怎麼辦呢？
With luck ...
結構︰With luck，＋主要子句
說明︰With luck 為含蓄假設條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。with luck 意為"如果幸運的話，如果運氣好的話"。
With luck, we''ll be there by tomorrow.幸運的話，我們明天將到達那兒。（=If we are lucky）
With luck, she will get the job. 如果幸運的話，她將得到那份工作。（=If she is lucky）
Given time ...
結構︰Given time，＋主要子句
說明︰此為含蓄假設條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。Given time 意為"（如果）給以時間的話"。
Given time, they will probably agree.給以時間的話，他們可能會同意。（=If they are given time/If we give them time）
To hear him talk, ...
結構︰To hear him talk，＋主要子句
說明︰此句型意為"聽某人談話（的口氣）…"。從形式上看，To hear him talk 似為不定式片語，但實則為含蓄條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。To hear him talk 相當於 If you could hear him talk。
To hear him talk, you''d think he was Prime Minister.
聽他談話（那口氣），你會以為他是首相呢。
To hear you talk, I''d think you were Prime Minister.
聽你談話（那口氣），我還以為你是首相呢。
Without ..., S + V ...
結構︰Without …，＋主要子句
說明︰此句型意為"如果沒有…"，是導致主要子句結果發生的必要條件。Without ... 為含蓄假設條件句，此用法在口語表達中最為常見。without 意為"（如果）沒有…的話"。Without 既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，放在句首有強調作用。此外，如果主要子句用否定式，則和 without 構成雙重否定，表示特別強調 without 之後項為主要子句動作發生之必備條件。
Without your help, I couldn''t have done it.
（如果）沒有你的幫助，我是不會做成的。（=If you hadn''t helped me）
She can''t solve the problem without his help.如果）沒有他的幫助，她不可能解決這道題。
We can''t live without air or water.（如果）沒有空氣或水，我們就無法生存。
Fish cannot live without water.（如果）沒有水，魚兒就無法生存。
比較句型
as/so ... as ...
結構︰as／so＋形容詞或副詞原級＋as…
說明︰此句型意為"…和…一樣…"。比較兩件東西，並表示它們的程度一樣。第一個 as 為<副詞>，第二個 as 則為<副詞><連接詞>，引導<副詞子句>，修飾第一個 as。在 as…as 中可插入單數<可數名詞>，即："as＋<形容詞>＋a／an＋<名詞>＋as"。若是複數<名詞>，可用"as many／few＋複數 <名詞>＋as"；若是<不可數名詞>，則用"as much／little＋<不可數名詞>＋as"。"as＋原級（形、副）＋as＋原級（形、副）"這形式表示有關同一人（物）的兩種不同的性質、狀態是一樣程度的，譯作"既有…且還有…"。
He is as handsome as his brother (is). 他和他哥哥一樣英俊。
Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does. 朱迪像莎拉一樣時常去看電影。
Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does. 老約翰像嬰兒一樣容易入睡。
The girls are as busy with their work as bees. 這些女孩子就跟蜜蜂一樣忙著工作。
He is as nice a boy as Peter (is). 他和彼得一樣都是好男孩。
She has as many friends as Mary (does). 她和瑪麗一樣有許多朋友。
He has as much money as John (does). 他和約翰一樣有很多錢。
He is as clever as (he is) handsome. 他不但英俊而且聰明。
My teacher is as kind as (she is) intelligent. 我的老師不但善良而且聰慧。
as many/much ...
結構︰as many／much＋名詞…
說明︰此句型意為"同數（量）的…；一樣多"。本<片語>旨在用以代替句中前面已提到的相同數字，以避免該數字的重複。
He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many (=in ten) pages.
他疲倦得十頁中犯了十個錯誤。
Mike read five books in as many (=in five) months. 麥克在五個月內看了五本書。
I didn''t expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days.
沒想到（老實的）他居然在三天內犯了三次搶劫罪。
as many/much as ...
結構︰as many／much as＋數字＋複數名詞／不可數名詞
說明︰此句型意為"多達…"。不要與"as many／much＋<名詞>"（同數量的…）混淆。同理，此類<片語>還有：as long as＋數字＋<名詞>（長達…），as wide as＋數字＋<名詞>（寬達…）， as high as＋數字＋<名詞>（高達…），as early as＋數字＋<名詞>（早在…），as late as＋數字＋<名詞>（遲在…）等。
She has as many as seven sisters. 她的姊妹有七人之多。
As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash. 這次空難中多達一百人喪生。
I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen. 我給了這乞丐整整一千元。
Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million. 建築費用漲到高達新台幣兩千萬。
I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years. 我學英文已有十五年之久。
He came home as late as two in the morning. 他遲至清晨兩點才回家。
I saw your brother as late as last week. 上個禮拜我還看到你哥哥。
The river is as wide as 100 meters. 這條河寬達一百公尺。
I mailed the letter as early as Friday. 我早在星期五就把信寄了。
A is as much + N + as B is
結構︰主詞＋be＋as＋much＋名詞＋as＋（be）＋主詞
說明︰此句型意為"…和…同樣…"。"as much＋<名詞>＋as＋（be）＋<主詞>"的 be 通常省略或放句末。
Comets are just as much members of the sun''s family as (are) the other planets.
彗星和其他的行星同樣是太陽家族的成員。
To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.吃太多和什麼都不吃同樣是壞事。
He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom. 他和湯姆同樣是管絃樂隊的成員。
not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N
結構︰not as／so＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"不像…那樣…"。as…as 可用於肯定句或<否定句>，而 so…as 僅可用於<否定句>構中。
It is not as (so) popular as other foods. 它不像其他食物那樣受歡迎。
He does not study as (so) hard as John. 他不像約翰那樣用功。
I am not as (so) careful as Tom. 我不像湯姆那樣細心。
as far as ...
結構︰as far as＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"到…之遠；到…的程度"。而"as far as＋<主詞>＋<動詞>"則表示"只要…，在…範圍內的話…"。
Swallows from England go as far as South Africa. 英國來的燕子飛到南非那樣遠的地方。
We walked as far as the railroad station. 我們走到火車站那樣遠的地方。
We drove as far south as Kaohsiung. 我們往南開車一直到高雄。
He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England.
他遠至橫濱去迎接由英國來的朋友。
I swam as far as I could. 我盡可能地游遠。
... just as ... as ...
結構︰主詞＋動詞＋just as＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋（代）名詞／動名詞
說明︰此句型意為"…就像…一樣…"。第一個 as 是"同樣的；一樣的"，第二個 as 是"像"之意。若<主詞>之後不是 be <動詞>，則 as 之後不用<形容詞>，而要用<副詞>。
Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver.
做一個好的行人就像做一個好的司機一樣重要。
Writing is just as important as reading. 寫作就像閱讀一樣重要。
He wrote just as carefully as Tom. 他就像湯姆一樣小心地寫。
... as ... as one can
結構︰…as＋形容詞／副詞／名詞＋as one can
說明︰此句型意為"儘可能…"。"as ... as one can"相當於"as ... as possible"。one 要隨<主詞>的人稱而變化，而 can 要隨<時態>變化。
To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can.
要想把英文講得很流利，你最好盡量多看英文文章。
Take as much exercise as you can. 盡可能多做運動。
Be as careful as you can. 盡可能小心。
Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.
我們的老師盡可能清楚地為我們解釋這一課。
She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could.
她需要使請求語氣柔婉，以便盡可能把它變成有禮貌與客氣。
You should be as careful as you can in making friends.
在交朋友方面，你應該盡可能小心。
We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.
我們最好盡可能多背句型。
I looked down the road as far as I could. 我盡可能遙望這條路。
I will try to save as much as I can. 我會設法盡可能多儲蓄。
You should remain as quiet as you can. 你應盡可能地保持沈默。
... as ... as ... can be
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋as＋形容詞＋as＋（形容詞）＋can be
說明︰此句型意為"極…，不亞於任何人…"。此<句型>借重複同一個<形容詞>而成為強調此<形容詞>的說法。常用的此類<片語>有：as plain as plain can be（再明白不過了），as wise as wise can be（再聰明不過了），as white as white can be（白得不能再白了），as wrong as wrong can be（錯得太離譜）等。
His failure is as plain as plain can be. 他的失敗是再明白不過了。
He is as handsome as (handsome) can be. 他瀟灑極了。
She is as kind as can be. 她極為和顏悅色。
Mary is as hardworking as can be. 瑪麗在班上之用功不輸任何人。
He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.
他也許不如彼得聰明，但卻用功極了。
as ... as ever
結構︰as＋形容詞／副詞＋as ever
說明︰此句型意為"與往常一樣…"。
He seems to be as busy as ever. 他似乎和往常一樣忙碌。
He works as hard as ever. 他和往常一樣努力工作。
She was as beautiful as ever after so many years. 過了那麼多年，她美麗如故。
... times as ... as ...
結構︰倍數詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞＋as…
說明︰此句型意為"是…的幾倍"。"兩倍"是 twice，而三倍以上的"倍"，通常用 times。
An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.
平常的地下火車接近車站時，發出的聲音可能是最大聲的噴射機的兩倍。
This line is four times as long as that one. 這條線是那條線的四倍長。
I am twice as old as he. 我的年紀是他的兩倍。
She studies three times as hard as I. 她用功的程度是我的三倍。
He earns twice as much as he used to. 他比往常多賺二倍的錢。
She spent half as much money as you. 她花掉的錢只有你花掉的一半。
... times the/my N ...
結構︰…倍數詞＋the（或所有格）＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"是…的幾倍"。<倍數詞>與<名詞>之間一定有 the 或<所有格>。有時可改為"<倍數詞>＋as＋<形容詞>"。三倍以上的"倍"，通常用"times"。而"more than＋<倍數詞>＋the（或<所有格>）＋<名詞>"譯為"是…的幾倍還不止"。
It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun. 那是地球到太陽的距離的兩倍多。
Line A is four times the length of line B. 線條 A 是線條 B 的四倍長。
I have five times the number of Tom''s books. 我有五倍於湯姆的書。
He has three times my money. 他的錢是我的三倍。
He has more than three times my money. 他的錢是我的三倍還不止。
The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River. 這條河的長度是淡水河的十倍。
Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four times the size of Holland. 荷蘭的居民是紐約州的三分之二，而紐約州卻是荷蘭的四倍大。
more than ... as ... as
結構︰more than＋倍數詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞＋as
說明︰此句型意為"是…的幾倍還不止"。"兩倍"是twice，而三倍以上的"倍"，通常用times。
He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.)
他的財富是我的三倍還不止。
He studies more than three times as hard as I. 他用功的程度是我的三倍還不止。
I am more than twice as old as he. 我的年齡是他的兩倍還不止。
He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I (have).
他搜集的郵票是我的三倍還不止。
... times ...er than ...
結構︰倍數詞＋形容詞或副詞比較級＋than…
說明︰此句型意為"比…大幾倍"。"兩倍"是twice，而三倍以上的"倍"，通常用times。
We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.
我們現在知道Ｘ光波比光波短二千到一萬倍。
This street is four times shorter than that one. 這條街道比那條短四倍。
The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant.
這隻母象比小象重一百倍。
It is ten times louder than another. 它比另外一個的聲音大十倍。
This street is three times wider than that one. 這條街比那條街寬三倍。
I am twice older than he. 我的年紀比他大兩倍。
not so adj. as adj.
結構︰not so＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞
說明︰此句型意為"與其說是…倒不如說是…"。相當於"<形容詞>／<副詞>＋rather than＋<形容詞>／<副詞>"。
She is not so beautiful as charming. (=She is charming rather than beautiful.)
與其說她美倒不如說她迷人。
He is not so clever as diligent. 與其說他聰明倒不如說他勤奮。
She is not so kind as simple. 與其說她善良不如說她單純。
not so much + N as + N
結構︰not so much＋名詞＋as＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"與其說是…倒不如說是…"。相當於"<名詞>＋rather than＋<名詞>"。
He is not so much a writer as a scholar. 與其說他是作家倒不如說他是學者。
He is not so much a genius as a hard worker. 他的努力勝於天份。
The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical accomplishment. 阿波羅計劃與其說是一項科學成果，不如說是一項技術成就。
not so much ... as ...
結構︰not so much＋介系詞片語／不定詞片語＋as＋介系詞片語／不定詞片語
說明︰此句型意為"與其說是…倒不如說是…"。相當於"<介系詞片語>／<不定詞片語>＋rather than＋ <介系詞片語>/<不定詞片語>"。
Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health.
快樂與其說在於財富倒不如說在於健康。
One''s greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character.
一個人的偉大與其說是由他的財富來判斷，倒不如說是由他的品德來判斷。
Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.
與其說成功在於運氣不如說是辛勤努力。
I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.我躺下來與其說是要睡覺，倒不如說是要思考。
It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a living.
與其說給人麵包很有幫助，倒不如說教導他如何謀生才重要。
Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation.
我們的成功與其歸功於您的幫忙，不如歸功於我們的合作。
The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 學校教育的最大用處，與其說是教你事物，不如說是教你學習的方法。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. (=The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.) 與其說是海洋分割這個世界，不如說是統一這個世界。
not so much as ...
結構︰not so much as ...
說明︰此句型意為"甚至都不…"。相當於"not even ..."。本<片語>使用時，要置於<助動詞>之後，即： cannot so much as＋原形<動詞>（甚至…都不能），do not so much as＋原形<動詞>（甚至…都不），have not so much as＋過去<分詞>（甚至…都沒有）。
He cannot so much as write his own name. (=He cannot even write his own name.)
他甚至連自己的名字都不會寫。
He did not so much as thank me. 他甚至都沒謝我。
He is so stupid that he can''t so much as eat. 他蠢得甚至連吃飯都不會。
When Mary walked in, she didn''t so much as take a glance at me, which angered me.
瑪麗進門時，連看我一眼都沒有，真令人生氣。
the more ..., the more ...
結構︰the＋比較級…，the＋比較級…
說明︰此句型意為"愈…，就愈…"。若句中的<主詞>為一般<名詞>，而非<代名詞>（he，it，you，they）或<專有名詞>（John，Mary），且後面的<動詞>為 be <動詞>時，該 be <動詞>可省略。
The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.
你愈使請求柔婉，請求就愈變為客氣。
The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place.
你在這裡待得愈久，你愈會喜歡這個地方。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你愈小心，你犯錯就會愈少。
The more I learn, the less I feel I know. 學而後知不足。
The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.
你愈接近大自然，就愈能了解它的美。
The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home. 愈是有空，他愈不肯待在家裡。
The better the boy (is), the more I like him. 這男孩愈好我愈喜歡他。
The colder the weather (is), the more comfortable my life (will be).
天氣愈冷，我的生活就愈舒服。
The bigger the house (is), the more money it will cost. 房子愈大愈值錢。
The more haste, the less speed. 欲速則不達。
The more noble the more humble. 結實愈豐者，其穗愈低。
More profit and less honor. 捨名逐利。
The sooner the better. 事不宜遲。
The more you have, the more you want. 擁有愈多，慾望愈高。
The more you beat iron the harder it grows. 鐵不煉不成鋼，玉不琢不成器。
more and more ...
結構︰比較級＋and＋比較級
說明︰此句型意為"愈來愈…"。
The noise of traffic grows louder and louder. 交通的噪音變得愈來愈大。
It is getting hotter and hotter. 天氣愈來愈熱。
You should study harder and harder. 你應該更用功念書。
The girl became more and more beautiful. 這女孩變得愈來愈漂亮了。
With the rapid economical development, China''s position on the international stage is getting more and more important.隨著經濟迅速發展，中國在國際舞台上的地位變得愈來愈重要了。
... more ... than ...
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋more…than…
說明︰此句型意為"…是…而不是…"。在"…"的位置，可以用<名詞>，<形容詞>，或帶有形容詞性的<分詞>。
You may also find that reading has become more fun than work!
你或許也會發現閱讀已經變成是有趣的事，而不是工作。
It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.那是杜撰的故事，而不是真實發生的事情。
I was more disappointed than discouraged. 我是失望，而不是洩氣。
He seems more like a military officer than a business executive.
他似乎比較像一個軍官，而不像一個商業行政主管。
He is more a sprinter than a swimmer. 他是短跑健將，而不是游泳選手。
I am more frightened than hurt. 我嚇壞了而沒有受傷。
Sue is more beautiful than Jane. 蘇比珍較美。
The computer is more expensive than the typewriter. 這部電腦比這部打字機更貴。
People in the country are happier than people in the city.鄉下的人們比城市的人們更快樂。
N1 more ... than N2
結構︰名詞1＋比較級＋than＋名詞2
說明︰此句型意為"比…更為…的…"。
People have to live on something more nourishing than hope.
人們必須依賴比希望更滋養的東西來過活。
I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary. 我從未見過比瑪麗更為美麗的女孩子。
I want some persons more experienced than Tom. 我要一些比湯姆更有經驗的人。
more N than + ADJ/V-ed
結構︰比較級＋名詞＋than＋（be 動詞）＋形容詞／過去分詞
說明︰此句型意為"比…來得更多的…"。be <動詞>通常省略。
Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation.
有些人給了比情況所必要來得更高價的禮物。
I did more work than required. 我做了比所被要求的來得更多的工作。
We were given more money than necessary for the project.
我們被給了比計劃所要求來得更多的錢。
It is better to V1 than V2
結構︰It is＋比較級＋to＋原形動詞1…than＋（to）＋原形動詞2…
說明︰此句型意為"…比…更…"。than 之後的 to 可以省略。
It is better to laugh than (to) weep. 笑比哭好。
It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than (to) sit in the office.
躺在草坪上比坐在辦公室裡舒服。
It is harder to teach than (to) study. 教書比讀書辛苦。
make ... more ... of ...
結構︰主詞＋make＋受詞＋more＋形容詞＋of…
說明︰此句型意為"…使…更加…"。根據不同的情況，句子可以有不同<時態>。
Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight. 黑暗會使他更加珍惜視力。
Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us.
他們突然的攻擊使我們更加注意我們周圍的危險。
Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.
你的鼓勵使我對我的未來更加有信心。
all the more for ...
結構︰all the＋比較級＋for＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"即使…卻更加…；因為…反而更加…"。for 為<介系詞>，之後接<名詞>為其<受詞>。也可寫成"all the＋比較級＋because-子句"。because 為<副詞><連接詞>，之後接<主詞>＋<動詞>，引導<副詞子句>。
You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in them.
你會因為已經瞭解小說中的角色，而更加喜歡小說。
I love her all the better for her poverty (=because she is poor). 因為她窮，我反而更喜歡她。
I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations. 我因為精美的插圖而更加喜歡這本書。
He studied all the harder because he had failed (=for his failure).
因為他失敗了，他反而更用功念書了。
She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing (=because her clothing is shabby).
即使她衣衫襤褸，卻顯得更美麗了。
I respect him all the more because he has faults. 因為他有缺點，我反而更尊敬他。
I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets. 正因為小道多，我反而更喜歡京都。
none the ...er for ...
結構︰none the＋比較級＋for＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"即使…卻一點也不…"。相當於"none the＋比較級＋because-子句"。for 為<介系詞>，之後接<名詞>為其<受詞>；because 則為<副詞><連接詞>，之後接<主詞>＋<動詞>，引導<副詞子句>。
His health is none the better for his exercise (=because he takes exercise).
即使他運動，他的健康狀況卻一點也不好。
She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.
即使她身穿時髦洋裝，卻一點也不漂亮。
He is none the happier for his great wealth. 即使他有錢，卻一點也不快樂。
He is none the wiser because he has read many books.
他雖然讀了不少書，可是並未因此而聰明些。
none the less ... for ...
結構︰none the less＋形容詞／副詞＋for＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"即使…卻仍然"。相當於"none the less＋形容詞／副詞＋because-子句"。none the less 為<副詞>，譯成"仍然"，可修飾<動詞>，<形容詞>或<副詞>；修飾<動詞>時，置於該<動詞>之後；修飾<形容詞>時，置於該<形容詞>之前；修飾<副詞>時，置於該<副詞>之前。
I love him none the less because he is poor. 即使他窮，我還是愛他。
She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing. 即使她衣衫襤褸，卻仍然美麗。
He studied none the less hard because he had failed. 即使他失敗了，卻仍然用功念書。
... no more ... than ...
結構︰A＋動詞＋no more＋B＋than＋C＋動詞＋D
說明︰此句型意為"A 不是 B 正如 C 不是 D"。"no more ... than"等於"not ... any more than"。若 than之後的詞類與前面的詞類相同，可以省略；若不同，則不可省略。
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 鯨魚不是魚正如馬不是魚一樣。
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
沒有愛的家不是家，就如同沒有靈魂的身體不是人一樣。
He is no more able to speak English than I am (able to speak English).
和我不會說英語一樣，他也不會說英語。
He is no more considerate of others than his brother is. 他不體諒別人，就跟他弟弟一樣。
He can no more sing than I can dance. 他不會唱歌正如我不會跳舞一樣。
We can no more live without sleep than (we can) without water.
我們沒有睡眠不能活，正如我們沒有水就不能活一樣。
I am no more out of my mind than you are (out of your mind). 你我兩人都沒有瘋狂。
Tom was no more surprised than (he was) disappointed at this news.
湯姆聽見那消息既不驚訝也不失望。
He is no better (no more good) at English than I am. 他的英文不好，就像我一樣。
... no less ... than ...
結構︰A＋動詞＋no less＋B＋than＋C＋動詞＋D
說明︰此句型意為"A 是 B 和 C 是 D 一樣"。"no less ... than"等於"as ... as"，no less 之後可置<副詞>或 <形容詞>修飾。
A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is. 鯨魚和馬一樣都是哺乳動物。
He is no less clever than his elder brother. 他和他的大哥一樣聰明。
She is no less good at swimming than Mary. 她和瑪麗一樣擅長游泳。
His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is (happy over his engagement).
他的雙親對他訂婚的高興並不亞於他自己。
He studies no less hard than John. 他和約翰一樣用功。
Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good books.
交益友與選擇好書對我們同樣重要。
A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.一件好襯衫的昂貴程度並不比一件夾克衫差。
Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.運動服和西服套一樣，非常暢銷。
not more ... than ...
結構︰not more…than…
說明︰此句型意為"沒有比…更多；最多只是和…一樣"。等於"at best as ... as"。
She is not more beautiful than Mary. 她不比瑪麗美麗－－頂多只是和瑪麗一樣美。
I was not more surprised than he (was). 我不像他那樣驚訝。
He is not more handsome than I. 他不比我瀟灑－－頂多跟我一樣瀟灑。
not less ... than
結構︰not less ... than
說明︰此句型意為"沒有比…更少；至少與…一樣"。等於"at least as ... as"。
She is not less beautiful than Mary. 她至少和瑪麗一樣美麗。
He is not less interested in composing music than Jane. 他至少跟珍一樣對譜曲很感興趣。
He is not less handsome than I. 他至少跟我一樣瀟灑。
no more than ...
結構︰no more than＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"僅僅…"。等於"only＋<名詞>"，強調稀少。
It will take no more than five days to read the book. 不到五天，我就會把這本書讀完。
It is no more than ten minutes'' walk from the station. 由車站走到這裡只有十分鐘的路程。
I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment.
我的英文作業中只有兩三處錯誤。
no less than ...
結構︰no less than＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"多達…；足足有…之多"。等於"as many／much as ..."，強調多。
I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work. 我的工資多達一萬元。
The audience was no less than five thousand. 聽眾有五千人之多。
That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night.
那間旅館的住宿費大約要20元一晚呢。
No less than ten students flunked the exam. 整整有十位學生在這次考試中不及格。
not more than ...
結構︰not more than＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"最多不超過…"。等於"at most＋<數詞>＋<名詞>"。
It is not more than ten minutes'' walk from the station. 由車站走到這裡最多十分鐘的路程。
I''ll stay here not more than three days. 我將待在這裡最多不超過三天。
For safety''s sake, don''t drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.
為了安全起見，在市內開車時速不要超過三十公里。
not less than ...
結構︰not less than＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"至少…"。等於"at least＋<數詞>＋<名詞>"。
The audience was not less than five thousand. 聽眾至少也有五千人。
I''ll stay here not less than three days. 我將待在這裡至少三天。
Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 雖然他們認為完成這任務只需三天，但我卻認為至少需要六天。
at best + N
結構︰at best＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"充其量…；只不過是…"。等於"nothing but ..."。
Don''t expect much of him; he is at best a student. 不要對他期望過高；他只不過是個學生。
She is at best a second-rate singer. 她充其量是個二流歌手。
Don''t scold him too much; he is at best a child. 不要太責罵他；他只不過是個孩子。
much more /much less ...
結構︰much more／much less…
說明︰此句型意為"更不用說…"。"much more ..."等於"let alone ..."或"still more ..."，只用於肯定句；"much less ..."等於"still less ..."，只用於<否定句>。
She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.
她會說英語，更不用說寫英文了。
She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it. 她不會說英語，更不用說寫英文了。
You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.
你有處理自己財產的權利，更有支配自己思想的權利。
I enjoy singing, much more listening to music. 我喜歡唱歌，更不用說聽音樂了。
She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.
她連生活必需品都不能買，更不用說奢侈品。
He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon. 他連一哩都跑不了，更不用說馬拉松了。
That father can''t discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow.
那位父親不能以身作則，更不用說做孩子的榜樣了。
... more than any other N
結構︰比較級＋than＋any other＋單數名詞
說明︰此句型意為"比其他任何…都還…"。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的同範圍比較<句型>。也可用"<比較級>＋than＋all the other＋複數<名詞>"來表示。
John is more diligent than any other student in his class. 約翰比班上其他的同學用功。
John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.
約翰比班上其他的同學用功。
Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.
在日本，棒球比其他任何運動都受人歡迎。
Autumn is better for reading than any other season. 秋天比任何季節都適合讀書。
Mt. Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan. 玉山要比台灣的任何山都高。
... more than anyone else
結構︰比較級＋than＋anyone else／anything else
說明︰此句型意為"比其他任何…都還…"。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的同範圍比較<句型>。anyone else 指人；anything else 指物。
John is more diligent than anyone else in his class. 約翰比班上其他的同學用功。
Time is more precious than anything else in the world. 時間比世上任何東西都寶貴。
Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company. 瑪麗在公司裡比其他人都漂亮。
We pay less attention to time than to anything else.我們對時間的不重視超過其他任何事物。
nothing is ...er than ...
結構︰nothing（或 no＋名詞）＋動詞＋比較級＋than…
說明︰此句型意為"沒有如此…者"。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的<句型>。
Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.
沒有比時間更貴重的東西，但也沒有比它更受輕視的東西。
No place is better than one''s home. 沒有任何地方比得上自己的家。
Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.
沒有一件事比待在家裡聽音樂更愉快的了。
Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.
沒有一件事要比幫助陷入困境的人帶給他更大的快樂。
There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.
我們對時間和空氣的不重視超過其他任何事物。
... nothing more than N
結構︰主詞＋動詞＋nothing more than＋名詞
說明︰此句型意為"…只不過…"。"nothing more than"等於"nothing but"。
Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.
有些只不過是被當做娛樂而不予考慮。
It is nothing more than a made-up story. 它只不過是杜撰的故事而已。
She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.
她希望被對待得只不過像一般的女孩子。
...er than ever
結構︰…＋比較級＋than ever
說明︰此句型意為"比以前更…"。than ever 等於 than ever before，意為"比以前任何時候…"。
There it was, ticking away, louder than ever. 它就在那裡，滴答地走著，比以前更大聲。
You should be more careful than ever. 你應該比以前更小心。
Does she spend more money than ever? 她比以前花更多的錢嗎？
better ... than ...
結構︰better＋…＋than＋被比對象
說明︰此句型意為"寧可…；最好還是…"。better 之後可接<形容詞>，<副詞>，<名詞>，<動詞>等。
Please try to attend the meeting. Better late than absent.請您盡量參加會議。遲來也比不來強。
Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract. 與其撤約還不如延期裝運。
Better reduce the price than allow a discount. 與其給折扣，不如減價。
with no N is it ...er than
結構︰... and with no＋名詞1＋is it＋比較級＋than＋with＋名詞2
說明︰此句型意為"…這種情形沒有一種…比…更為…"。此種結構，由於有 no，所以用 is it的倒裝句型。
It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English. 把某一種語言視為某一特定的國家所擁有是不合理的，而這種情形沒有一種語言比英語更為不合理。
It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.
生病是糟糕的，而這種情形沒有一種疾病比癌症更為糟糕。
It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends.
和朋友聊天是愉快的，而這種情形沒有比和知己的朋友聊天更為愉快。
Who is the most ...
結構︰Who is the＋最高級…？
說明︰此句型意為"誰最…？"。此句型中若將 who 改為 which，即用來詢問一組事物中最具某種特色的，如例句4。
Who is the oldest of them? 他們之中誰的年紀最大？
Who is the most beautiful in their family? 誰是他們家裡最美麗的人？
Who is the youngest here? 這裡誰是最年輕的？
Which is the most interesting subject for you? 哪個科目對你來說最有趣？
the ...est ... not ...
結構︰最高級＋…not…
說明︰<最高級>詞類與 not 並用時，有"甚至…都不…"的意味。
The most foolish man knows his own name. 再笨的人都知道自己的名字。
The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty. 再漂亮的花也比不上她的美麗。
The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.
再偉大的學者也沒有辦法解答這個難題吧。
The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.
即使是世上最富有的人，也無法買到一切。
There is not the smallest chance of his escape. 他一點逃走的機會也沒有。
Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.
就連最厚的夾克也不足以禦寒。
The strongest man (that) you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.
就連你所能想到的最壯的人也不能光用手就將木頭撕裂。
the ...est ... that V-ed
結構︰the＋最高級…＋（that）＋完成式
說明︰此句型意為"最…"。that 是<關係代名詞>；<完成式>中習慣使用<副詞> ever 強調。
That''s the best book that I have ever read. 那是我讀過的最好的書。
That''s the nicest thing that has ever happened to me. 那是我遇到的最美好的事。
He is the most diligent student that I have ever known. 他是我所知道的最用功的學生。
That''s the worst performance (that) I have ever seen. 那是我所看過的最糟的一次表演。
of all the N, the ...est
結構︰of＋the three／the four／all the＋複數名詞，＋最高級子句
說明︰此句型意為"在…中，…最…"。但須注意："of the two＋複數<名詞>＋<比較級><子句>"，表示"兩者中…較…"，如例句7。<最高級><子句>也可置於句首。
Of the three students, he is the best. 三個學生中，他是最好的。
Jane is the best of all the students in her class. 珍是班中最好的學生。
Jane is the best of the three (students). 珍是三個學生中最好的一個。
Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the highest. 在所有高山當中，玉山為最高。
Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest. 在所有四季當中，夏天最熱。
Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful. 在所有這些女孩子當中，她最美。
Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful. 這兩個女孩中，瑪麗較漂亮。
A is the ...est among ...
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋最高級＋(名詞)＋among…
說明︰此句型意為"…是…之中最…"。<最高級>後的<名詞>通常省略。
The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them. 濁水溪是其中最長的一條。
Which river is the shortest among them? 哪一條河流是它們之中最短的？
Paris is the most beautiful among the cities. 巴黎是這些城市中最美的。
A is the ...est N in ...
結構︰A＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋名詞＋in＋場所。
說明︰此句型意為"A 是…裡面最…"。the 不能漏掉。
Jane is the best student in her class. 珍是她班上最好的學生。
Mr. Jones is the busiest man in the office. 瓊斯先生是辦公室裡最忙的人。
The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year.
星期二的棒球賽是今年最重要的棒球賽。
A is the ...est of N
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋of＋複數名詞
說明︰此句型意為"…是最…的…"。本<句型>的意思等於"<主詞>＋be <動詞>＋the＋<最高級>＋單數<名詞>"。
Robert Frost was the most American of American poets.
羅伯?佛洛斯特是最具美國風格的美國詩人。
He is the strictest of teachers in our school. 他是我們學校最嚴格的老師。
It is the most popular of movies. 這是最受歡迎的電影。
English is the most international of languages. 英語是最國際化的語言。
It is the most difficult of examinations. 那是最難的考試。
You must make the most of your opportunities. 你必須盡量利用機會。
A is the ...est of all.
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋of all
說明︰此句型意為"…是最為…"。"<最高級>＋of all"的<語氣>比"<最高級>"強。
These frozen foods are the most convenient of all. 這些冷凍食品是最為方便。
It is the most important of all. 那是最為重要的。
They are the most dependable of all. 他們是最為可靠的。
A is most ...
結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋沒有 the 的最高級…
說明︰在以下幾種場合裡的<最高級>之前沒有 the：被用來代替"very＋原級"或"very"以加強 <語氣>時前面沒有 the；most 的含義是"多數"時前面沒有 the；用作<最高級><副詞>時前面沒有 the；帶有<所有格>的<最高級><形容詞>之前沒有 the。
I think he is a most learned man. 我認為他是個很有學問的人。
A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday. 昨天有一個很漂亮的女孩來看他。
Such a most talented person as he shouldn''t be satisfied with what he is.
像他這麼有才華的人不應滿足於現狀。
A comet is at perihelion when it is closest (=very close) to the sun.
彗星最接近太陽時，它就是在近日點。
A person is most disappointed when he is in despair. 一個人在絕望時最失望。
He is calmest (=very calm) when he is all by himself. 他一人獨處時極為平靜。
The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust. 六個月監禁的判決極其不公。
Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.多數人每天需要六至八小時的睡眠。
