我要有做关于电脑或者是福尔摩斯的英文小报!
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參考答案:计算机、个人电脑、福尔摩斯的资料
Computer
A device that receives, processes, and presents information. The two basic types of computers are analog and digital.
Although generally not regarded as such, the most prevalent computer is the simple mechanical analog computer, in which
gears, levers, ratchets, and pawls perform mathematical operations—for example, the speedometer and the watt-hour meter
(used to measure accumulated electrical usage). The general public has become much more aware of the digital computer with
the rapid proliferation of the hand-held calculator and a large variety of intelligent devices and especially with exposure
to the Internet and the World Wide Web. See also Calculators; Internet; World Wide Web.
An analog computer uses inputs that are proportional to the instantaneous value of variable quantities, combines these inputs
in a predetermined way, and produces outputs that are a continuously varying function of the inputs and the processing. These
outputs are then displayed or connected to another device to cause action, as in the case of a speed governor or other
control device. Small electronic analog computers are frequently used as components in control systems. If the analog
computer is built solely for one purpose, it is termed a special-purpose electronic analog computer. In any analog computer
the key concepts involve special versus general-purpose computer designs, and the technology utilized to construct the
computer itself, mechanical or electronic. See also Analog computer.
In contrast, a digital computer uses symbolic representations of its variables. The arithmetic unit is constructed to follow
the rules of one (or more) number systems. Further, the digital computer uses individual discrete states to represent the
digits of the number system chosen. A digital computer can easily store and manipulate numbers, letters, images, sounds, or
graphical information represented by a symbolic code. Through the use of the stored program, the digital computer achieves a
degree of flexibility unequaled by any other computing or data-processing device.
The advent of the relatively inexpensive and readily available personal computer, and the combination of the computer and
communications, such as by the use of networks, have dramatically expanded computer applications. The most common application
now is probably text and word processing, followed by electronic mail. See also Electronic mail; Local-area networks;
Microcomputer; Word processing.
Computers have begun to meet the barrier imposed by the speed of light in achieving higher speeds. This has led to research
and development in the areas of parallel computers (in order to accomplish more in parallel rather than by serial
computation) and distributed computers (taking advantage of network connections to spread the work around, thus achieving
more parallelism). Continuing demand for more processing power has led to significant changes in computer hardware and
software architectures, both to increase the speed of basic operations and to reduce the overall processing time. See also
Computer systems architecture; Concurrent processing; Distributed systems (computers); Multiprocessing; Supercomputer.
PC (Personal Computer)
PC is any laptop or desktop computer such as a Windows machine or a Macintosh.
In contrast to the more generic definition above, PC typically refers to an x86-based desktop or laptop computer, almost all
of which run under Windows. PC hardware and operating systems are primarily governed by Intel and Microsoft; however, there
are numerous other strong influences. The PC represents the world's largest computer base. More than a billion of them are
connected to the Internet, with shipments of new PCs exceeding a quarter million units per year.
PCs are sold by large vendors such as Dell and HP, as well as by thousands of small and large computer dealers who assemble
them from standard parts. Ironically, IBM launched the PC in 1981 and exited the business in 2004, selling its PC division to
Chinese-based Lenovo.
PC Clients and Servers
The term PC typically refers to the user's desktop or laptop computer, which is called a "client" machine. However, x86-based
machines are also widely used for servers, running server versions of Windows such as Windows 2000 and Windows Server, as
well as Linux, Unix and other operating systems. See x86-based system.
The IBM PC
IBM launched the PC in 1981, and competitors immediately tried to create PC clones. Except for Compaq, most attempts failed
until 1985, when the BIOS chip in the PC was successfully cloned and made available to others. From then on, true compatibles
were made by numerous vendors, and the PC industry was established.
In the 1980s, it was a personal computer. In the 1990s, it became a powerful controversy.
The innocent initials PC, which at various times have signified per cent, post card, and propositional calculus, have been
widely used for personal computer (1977) ever since IBM introduced the IBM PC early in the 1980s. The abbreviation PC (1978)
has largely displaced personal computer as the standard term, and both have made the former name microcomputer (1971) nearly
obsolete.
Meanwhile, however, in the long-running policy clash in politics and culture between left and right, liberal and
conservative, PC has become a booby-trapped label for politically correct attitudes that liberals advocate as sensitive and
conservatives condemn as overly euphemistic. Should we be sensitive to every possible instance of -isms like racism (1936),
Sexism (1969), and heightism (prejudice against short people), for example? Should our schools be Multicultural (1941)?
Should we use the term chair instead of chairman, and first-year student instead of freshman? Are healthy people just
temporarily abled? The extremes get silly, but the questions have serious implications for the body politic and our own
lives.
Sherlock Holmes, Fictional Detective
Born: 1887
Birthplace: Fiction
Best Known As: The most famous detective in English literature
Sherlock Holmes is the fictional creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote about the detective in a series of 60 stories
published between 1887 and 1927. Holmes was famous for his extra-keen powers of observation and deduction, which he used to
solve perplexing crimes and mysteries. He operated from his flat at 221b Baker Street in London, assisted by his friend Dr.
Watson. The nefarious criminal Professor Moriarty appears as Holmes's antagonist in some of the tales. Sherlock Holmes was an
immediate hit in Doyle's day and remains so popular that he is sometimes mistaken for a real historical figure. Among the
most famous Holmes stories are A Study in Scarlet (the first Sherlock Holmes story, 1887) and The Hound of the Baskervilles
(1902).
Holmes was played by actor Basil Rathbone in a popular series of movies from 1939-46. In the 1980s and 1990s Holmes was
portrayed on television by Jeremy Brett... Holmes has an older brother, Mycroft, who appears in a few of the stories. Mycroft
has powers of deduction which are supposedly even greater than Sherlock's, but lacks the energy to pursue them.
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who made his first published appearance in
1887. He was devised by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes is famous for his prowess at using logic
and astute observation to solve cases. He is perhaps the most famous fictional detective, and indeed one of the best known
and universally recognisable literary characters.
Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short-stories featuring his creation. Almost all were narrated by Holmes' friend
and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson, with the exception of two narrated by Holmes himself and two more written in the third
person. The stories first appeared in magazine serialisation, notably in The Strand, over a period of forty years. This was a
common form of publication at the time: Charles Dickens' works were issued in a similar fashion. The stories cover a period
from around 1878 up to 1903, with a final case in 1914. They are read as much for their characterisation and the stylised
late-Victorian world in which they take place as for the mysteries themselves.
More actors have portrayed Sherlock Holmes than any other character, and by 1964, according to a report in The Times, the
worldwide sales of the stories were running second only to the Bible[citation needed].
Overview
Sherlock Holmes described himself as a "consulting detective," an expert brought into cases too difficult for other
(typically official) investigators; we are told that he can often solve a problem without leaving his home. Naturally, this
aspect is minimized in the stories, which tend to focus on the more interesting cases that require actual legwork. He
specializes in solving unusual cases using his extraordinary powers of observation and logical reasoning, and frequently
demonstrates these abilities to new clients by making on-the-spot deductions about their personalities and recent activities.
This simple marketing strategy rarely fails to impress and build confidence in his services (see below).
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle credited the conception of Holmes to his teacher at the medical school of Edinburgh University, the
gifted surgeon and forensic detective, Joseph Bell (forensic science being a relatively new field at the time). However, some
years later Bell wrote to Conan Doyle, "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it" (Baring-Gould, p. 8). Holmes
was named after Oliver Wendell Holmes, whom Conan Doyle admired, and an English cricketer named Sherlock — however, some
early notes give his name as Sherrinford Holmes and Shelling Ford.
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