Network Working Group S. Shimizu
Request for Comments: 3186 T. Kawano
Category: Informational K. Murakami
NTT Network Innovation Labs.
E. Beier
DeTeSystem
December 2001
MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
IESG Note
This memo documents a way of tunneling PPP over Sonet over MAPOS
networks. This document is NOT the prodUCt of an IETF working group
nor is it a standards track document. It has not necessarily
benefited from the widespread and in depth community review that
standards track documents receive.
Abstract
This document specifies tunneling configuration over MAPOS (Multiple
Access Protocol over SONET/SDH) networks. Using this mode, a MAPOS
network can provide transparent point-to-point link for PPP over
SONET/SDH (Packet over SONET/SDH, POS) without any additional
overhead.
1. Introduction
MAPOS [1][2] frame is designed to be similar to PPP over SONET/SDH
(Packet over SONET/SDH, POS)[3][4] frame (Figure 1).
a) MAPOS frame header (version 1)
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Address Control Protocol
8 bits fixed,0x03 16 bits
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
b) MAPOS frame header (MAPOS 16)
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Address Protocol
16bits 16 bits
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
c) PPP frame header
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Address Control Protocol
fixed,0xFF fixed,0x03 16 bits
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Figure 1. Header similarity of MAPOS frame and POS frame
This means that a MAPOS network can easily carry POS frames with no
additional header overhead by rewriting only 1 or 2 octets. PPP
tunneling configuration over MAPOS networks (MAPOS/PPP tunneling
mode) provides for efficient L2 multiplexing by which users can share
the cost of high speed long-haul links.
This document specifies MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode. In this mode, a
MAPOS network provides a point-to-point link for those who intend to
connect POS equipment. Such link is established within a MAPOS
switch, or between a pair of MAPOS switches that converts between POS
header and MAPOS header for each L2 frame.
Chapter 2 describes the specification in two parts. First part is
user network interface (UNI) specification and the second part is
operation, administration, management and provisioning (OAM&P)
description. Other issues such as congestion avoidance, end-to-end
fairness control are out of scope of this document.
Implementation issues are discussed in Chapter 3. Security
considerations are noted in Chapter 4.
2. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode
2.1 Overview
MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode is based on header rewriting. Figure 2.
shows an example of MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode. The MAPOS network uses
MAPOS 16 [2] in this example. Consider a tunneling path between
customer premise equipment (CPE) A and CPE B which are industry
standard POS equipment. The ingress/egress MAPOS switches A/B
assigns unique MAPOS addresses (0x0203 and 0x0403) to the CPEs.
These MAPOS addresses are used in the MAPOS network, for frame
forwarding between CPE A and CPE B. NSP [5] will not be running
between the CPEs and the switches in this case.
MAPOS switch A rewrites the first 2 octets of every frame from CPE A,
which are fixed as 0xFF and 0x03, to the MAPOS address of its peer,
which is 0x0403. Frames are forwarded by the MAPOS network and
arrives at the egress MAPOS switch B which rewrites the first 2
octets to their original values. If MAPOS v1 [1] is used in the
MAPOS network, only the first octet is rewritten.
+-----+ POS/0x0203 +--------+ +--------+
CPE A<---------->MAPOS MAPOS MAPOS <---
+-----+ --->switch A------------------switch <---
+--------+\__ Network __/ +--------+
\__ __/
+--------+ +-------+ POS/0x0403 +-----+
--->MAPOS ----MAPOS <---------->CPE B
--->switch switch B <--- +-----+
+--------+ +---------+
Figure 2. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode
The tunneling path between the two CPEs is managed by the
ingress/egress MAPOS switches.
2.2 User-Network Interface(UNI)
2.2.1 Physical Layer
For transport media between border MAPOS switch and CPE, SONET/SDH
signal is utilized. Signal speed, path signal label, light power
budget and all physical requirements are the same as those of PPP
over SONET/SDH [3].
SONET/SDH overheads are terminated at the ingress/egress switches.
SONET/SDH performance monitors and alarms are used for the link
management between a CPE and the switch. Inter-switch links are
similarly managed by SONET/SDH monitors and alarms.
A CPE should synchronize to the clock of the border MAPOS switch.
The corresponding port of the MAPOS switch uses its internal clock.
When the CPE is connected to the MAPOS switch through SONET/SDH
transmission equipment, both should synchronize to the clock of the
SONET/SDH transmission equipment.
2.2.2 Link layer
Link layer framing between CPE and MAPOS switch also follows the
specification of PPP over SONET/SDH [3].
HDLC operation including byte stuffing, scrambling, FCS generation is
terminated at the ingress/egress switch. In a MAPOS switch, HDLC
frame [4] is picked up from a SONET/SDH payload and the first octet
(HDLC address) for MAPOS v1 [1], or the first two octets (HDLC
address and control field) for MAPOS 16 [2] are rewritten. The
operation inside the border switch is as follows:
From CPE (Ingress Switch receiving):
SONET/SDH framing
-> X^43+1 De-scrambling -> HDLC Byte de-stuffing
-> HDLC FCS detection (if error, silently discard)
-> L2 HDLC address/control rewriting
(0xFF -> MAPOS v1 destination address, or
0xFF03 -> MAPOS 16 destination address)
-> MAPOS-FCS generation
-> HDLC Byte stuffing -> X^43+1 Scrambling -> SONET/SDH framing
To CPE (Egress Switch transmitting):
SONET/SDH framing
-> X^43+1 De-scrambling -> HDLC Byte de-stuffing
-> MAPOS-FCS detection (if error, silently discard)
-> L2 HDLC address/control rewriting
(MAPOS v1 address -> 0xFF, or
MAPOS 16 address -> 0xFF03)
-> HDLC FCS generation
-> HDLC Byte stuffing -> X^43+1 Scrambling -> SONET/SDH framing
For STS-3c-SPE/VC-4, non-scrambled frame can be used for
compatibility with RFC1619. However, the use of 32bit-CRC and
X^43+1 scrambling is recommended in RFC2615 [3] and for MAPOS
networks.
Maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the link must not be negotiated
larger than MAPOS-MTU which is 65280 octets.
Figure 3 shows a CPE-side L2 frame and the converted frame in the
ingress/egress MAPOS switches. Note that the MAPOS/PPP tunneling
mode is not a piggy-back encapsulation, but it is a transparent link
with no additional header overhead.
<--- Transmission
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
Flag Address Control Protocol
01111110 11111111 00000011 16 bits
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------------
Information Padding HDLC FCS Flag Inter-frame Fill
* * 16/32 bits 01111110 or next Address
+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------------
(a) HDLC frame from/to CPE
<--- Transmission
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
Flag MAPOS Destination Protocol
01111110 0xxxxxx0 xxxxxxx1 16 bits
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------------
Information Padding MAPOS FCS Flag Inter-frame Fill
* * 16/32 bits 01111110 or next Address
+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------------
(b) Converted MAPOS 16 frame, forwarded in MAPOS networks
Figure 3. HDLC frame from/to CPE and its conversion
2.3 Operation, Administration, Management and Provisioning (OAM&P)
2.3.1 MAPOS/PPP mode transition
When a port of MAPOS switch is configured to PPP tunneling mode, at
least the following operations are performed in the switch.
a) Disable NSP [5] and SSP [6] (for the port, same below)
b) Disable MAPOS broadcast and multicast forwarding
c) Reset the Path Signal Label (C2) to 0x16 if X^43+1 scrambling
is used. The value 0xCF is used for non-scrambled OC3c signal.
d) Enable header rewriting function to specified destination
address
When the port is configured back to MAPOS mode, reverse order of the
operations above are performed. That means;
a) Disable header rewriting function (for the port, same below)
b) Reset the Path Signal Label (C2) to MAPOS default (0x8d)
c) Enable MAPOS broadcast and multicast forwarding
d) Enable NSP and SSP
SONET/SDH alarms (B1/B2/B3 error exceeding, SLOF, SLOS, etc.) should
not affect this transition. Figure 4 shows mode transition described
above.
[MAPOS mode] <----------------------------+
(Disable NSP) (Enable NSP)
(Disable SSP) (Enable SSP)
(Disable Broadcast/ (Enable Broadcast/
Multicast forwarding) Multicast forwarding)
(C2-byte setting to 0x16 or 0xcf) (C2-byte setting to 0x8d)
(Enable Header Rewriting function) (Disable Header Rewriting
function)
v
[PPP mode] --------------------------------+
Figure 4. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode state transition diagram
2.3.2 Path Establishment
A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path is established by following steps.
a) Choose MAPOS address pair on both ingress/egress switches and
configure their ports to PPP tunneling mode (see 2.3.1).
b) When the routes for both directions become stable, the
tunneling path is established. The link between the CPEs may
be set up at that moment; PPP LCP controls are transparently
exchanged by the CPEs.
To add a new path, operators should pick unused MAPOS address-pair.
They may be determined simply by choosing switches and ports for each
CPE, because there is one-to-one correspondence between MAPOS
addresses and switch ports.
Then, those ports should be configured to MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode on
both of the switches. Frame reachability is provided by SSP [6] in
the MAPOS network. When the frame forwarding for each direction are
stable, the path is established and frame forwarding is started.
Until then, the link between border switches and CPE should be down.
A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path should be managed by the pair of MAPOS
addresses. It should be carefully handled to avoid misconfiguration
such as path duplication. For convenient management, path database
can be used to keep information about pairs of MAPOS addresses. Note
that the path database is not used for frame forwarding. It is for
OAM&P use only.
2.3.3 Failure detection and indication
When any link or node failure is detected, it should be indicated to
each peer of the path. This is done by PPP [7] keep-alive (LCP Echo
request/reply) for end-to-end detection.
Consideration is required to handle SONET/SDH alarms. When a link
between CPE and the MAPOS switch fails, it is detected by both the
MAPOS switch and the CPE seeing SONET/SDH alarms. However, far-side
link remains up and no SONET/SDH error is found; SONET/SDH alarms
are not transferred to the far end because each optical path is
terminated in MAPOS network. In this case, the far end will see
'link up, line protocol down' status due to keep-alive eXPiration.
For example, Figure 5 shows a tunneling path. When link 1 goes down,
MAPOS sw A and CPE A detects SONET/SDH alarms but MAPOS sw B and CPE
A' do not see this failure. When PPP keep-alive expires, CPE A'
detects the failure and stops the packet transmission. The same
mechanism is used for failure within the MAPOS cloud (link 2). When
a MAPOS switch is down, SSP handles it as a topology change.
1 2 3
CPE A <-x-> MAPOS sw A ---(MAPOS cloud)--- MAPOS sw B <---> CPE A'
Figure 5. Link failure
2.3.4 Path removal
A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path is removed by following steps.
a) Choose the path to remove, configure MAPOS switches on both
ends of the path to disable the ports connected to the CPEs.
b) Path database may be updated that the path is removed.
c) When CPE is detached, port may be reset to MAPOS default
configurations.
Frames arriving after the destination port was disabled should be
silently discarded and should not be forwarded to the port.
2.3.5 Provisioning and Design Consideration
Because MAPOS does not have any QoS control at its protocol level,
and POS does not have flow-control feature, it is difficult to
guarantee end-end throughput. Sufficient bandwidth for inter-switch
link should be prepared to support all paths on the link.
Switches are recommended to ensure per-port fairness using any
appropriate queuing algorithm. This is especially important for
over-subscribed configuration, for example to have more than 16 OC12c
paths on one OC192c inter-switch link.
Although MAPOS v1 can be applied to the MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode,
MAPOS 16 is recommended for ease of address management.
Automatic switch address negotiation mechanism is not suitable for
the MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode, because the path management mechanism
becomes much more complex.
3. Implementation
3.1 Service example
Figure 6 shows an example of MAPOS network with four switches.
Inter-switch links are provided at OC192c and OC48c rate, customer
links are either OC3c or OC12c rate. Some links are optically
protected. Path database is used for path management.
Using MAPOS-netmask with 8 bits, this topology can be extended up to
64 MAPOS switches, each equipped with up to 127 CPE ports. Switch
addresses are fixed to pre-assigned values.
The cost of optical protection (< 50ms) can be shared among paths.
Unprotected link can also be coupled for more redundancy in case of
link failure. SSP provides restoration path within few seconds.
0x2003+---------+ +---------+ 0x2203
A-----> MAPOS OC192c(protected) MAPOS <-------A'
0x2005 Switch 1======================= Switch 2 0x2205
B-----> 0x2000/8 _________ 0x2200/8<-------C'
+---------+ / +---------+
OC192c /
/ OC48c(backup)
+---------+ / +---------+ 0x2603
MAPOS _________/ MAPOS <-------B'
0x2405 Switch 3======================= Switch 4
C-----> 0x2400/8 OC192c(protected) 0x2600/8
+---------+ +---------+
Path database entries:
-----------------------------------------------------------
User : Speed : Mode : Address pair : Status
-----------------------------------------------------------
A-A' : OC3c : CRC32, scramble : 0x2003-0x2203 : Up and running
B-B' : OC12c : CRC32, scramble : 0x2005-0x2603 : B Down
C-C' : OC3c : CRC16, no-scram : 0x2405-0x2205 : C' Down
-----------------------------------------------------------
Figure 6. Example Topology and its Path Management
3.2 Evaluation of latency of reference implementation
Figure 7 shows evaluation platforms in terms of latency measurement
of MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode.
Case 1: Base latency measurement
Measurement
Equipment
+---------+ POS Unidirectional Flow, OC12c 30%, FCS 32bits,
IXIA 400 payload-scrambling on (same for all cases)
POS-LM <--+
OC12c x2---+ Loopback
+---------+
(Using IxSoftware v3.1.148/SP1d)
Case 2: Router latency measurement
Measurement Device Under Test
+---------+ POS +------------+
IXIA 400 Unidirectional Flow Cisco GSR
POS-LM <--------------------- 12008/1port
OC12c x2---------------------> OC12cLC x2
+---------+ +------------+
(Using IOS 12.0(15)S1)
Case 3: MAPOS/PPP tunneling switch latency measurement
Measurement Device Under Test
+---------+ POS +-------------+
IXIA 400 Unidirectional Flow CSR MAPOS
POS-LM <--------------------- CORESwitch80
OC12c x2---------------------> OC12c x2
+---------+ +-------------+
Figure 7. Latency measurement of reference platform for MAPOS/PPP
tunneling mode
There is a PPP connection between port 1 and 2 of the measurement
equipment. Traffic comes from measurement equipment (IXIA 400) and
forwarded by a device under test back to the equipment. Timestamping
and latency calculation are performed by IXIA 400 automatically.
Traffic Load is set to 30% of OC12c for offloading router.
Results are shown in Table 1. Measurements were taken according to
the RFC2544 requirements [8]. We measured 25 trials of 150 seconds
duration for each frame size. Results are averaged and rounded to
the 20 ns resolution of IXIA. 95% confidence interval (C.I.) value
are also rounded.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Frame size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Latency(ns)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 1: Baseline 4060 5640 6940 9840 16420 20700 23340
95% C.I.(+/-) 20 80 60 180 80 100 120
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 2: Router 26560 28760 33860 44600 68280 80500 91160
95% C.I.(+/-) 200 100 160 220 100 100 200
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 3: Switch 11100 13480 16620 22920 36380 43900 49920
95% C.I.(+/-) 120 120 120 200 100 160 120
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Results of Latency (ns) - Frame size (bytes)
This results shows that MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode does not cause any
performance degradation in terms of latency view. A POS L2 switch
was reasonably faster than a L3 router.
4. Security Considerations
There is no way to control or attack a MAPOS network from CPE side
under PPP tunneling mode. It is quite difficult to inject other
stream because it is completely transparent from the viewpoint of the
CPE. However, operators must carefully avoid misconfiguration such
as path duplication. Per-path isolation is extremely important;
switches are recommended to implement this feature (like VLAN
mechanism).
In addition, potential vulnerability still exists in a mixed
environment where PPP tunneling mode and MAPOS native mode coexists
in the same network. Use of such environment is not recommended,
until an isolation feature is implemented in all MAPOS switches in
the network. Note that there is no source address field in the MAPOS
framing, which may make path isolation difficult in a mixed MAPOS/PPP
environment.
5. References
[1] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol
over SONET/SDH Version 1", RFC2171, June 1997.
[2] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS 16 - Multiple Access
Protocol over SONET/SDH with 16 Bit Addressing", RFC2175, June
1997.
[3] Malis, A. and W. Simpson, "PPP over SONET/SDH", RFC2615, June
1999.
[4] Simpson, W., "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", STD 51, RFC1662, July
1994.
[5] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
Node Switch Protocol," RFC2173, June 1997.
[6] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
Switch-Switch Protocol", RFC2174, June 1997.
[7] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC
1661, July 1994.
[8] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC2544, March 1999.
6. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and
thoughtful suggestions of Takahiro Sajima.
7. Author's Address
Susumu Shimizu
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories,
3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi
Tokyo 180-8585 Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 3323
Fax: +81 422 59 3765
EMail: shimizu@ntt-20.ecl.net
Tetsuo Kawano
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories,
3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi
Tokyo 180-8585 Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 7145
Fax: +81 422 59 4584
EMail: kawano@core.ecl.net
Ken Murakami
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories,
3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi
Tokyo 180-8585 Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 4650
Fax: +81 422 59 3765
EMail: murakami@ntt-20.ecl.net
Eduard Beier
DeTeSystem GmbH
Merianstrasse 32
D-90409 Nuremberg, Germany
EMail: Beier@bina.de
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