Network Working Group J. Salim
Request for Comments: 3549 Znyx Networks
Category: Informational H. Khosravi
Intel
A. Kleen
Suse
A. Kuznetsov
INR/Swsoft
July 2003
Linux Netlink as an IP Services Protocol
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes Linux Netlink, which is used in Linux both as
an intra-kernel messaging system as well as between kernel and user
space. The focus of this document is to describe Netlink's
functionality as a protocol between a Forwarding Engine Component
(FEC) and a Control Plane Component (CPC), the two components that
define an IP service. As a result of this focus, this document
ignores other uses of Netlink, including its use as a intra-kernel
messaging system, as an inter-process communication scheme (IPC), or
as a configuration tool for other non-networking or non-IP network
services (sUCh as decnet, etc.).
This document is intended as informational in the context of prior
art for the ForCES IETF working group.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................... 2
1.1. Definitions ........................................... 3
1.1.1. Control Plane Components (CPCs)................ 3
1.1.2. Forwarding Engine Components (FECs)............ 3
1.1.3. IP Services ................................... 5
2. Netlink Architecture ....................................... 7
2.1. Netlink Logical Model ................................. 8
2.2. Message Format......................................... 9
2.3. Protocol Model......................................... 9
2.3.1. Service Addressing............................. 10
2.3.2. Netlink Message Header......................... 10
2.3.3. FE System Services' Templates.................. 13
3. Currently Defined Netlink IP Services....................... 16
3.1. IP Service NETLINK_ROUTE............................... 16
3.1.1. Network Route Service Module................... 16
3.1.2. Neighbor Setup Service Module.................. 20
3.1.3. Traffic Control Service........................ 21
3.2. IP Service NETLINK_FIREWALL............................ 23
3.3. IP Service NETLINK_ARPD................................ 27
4. References.................................................. 27
4.1. Normative References................................... 27
4.2. Informative References................................. 28
5. Security Considerations..................................... 28
6. Acknowledgements............................................ 28
Appendix 1: Sample Service Hierarchy .......................... 29
Appendix 2: Sample Protocol for the Foo IP Service............. 30
Appendix 2a: Interacting with Other IP services................. 30
Appendix 3: Examples........................................... 31
Authors' Addresses.............................................. 32
Full Copyright Statement........................................ 33
1. Introduction
The concept of IP Service control-forwarding separation was first
introduced in the early 1990s by the BSD 4.4 routing sockets [9].
The focus at that time was a simple IP(v4) forwarding service and how
the CPC, either via a command line configuration tool or a dynamic
route daemon, could control forwarding tables for that IPv4
forwarding service.
The IP world has evolved considerably since those days. Linux
Netlink, when observed from a service provisioning and management
point of view, takes routing sockets one step further by breaking the
barrier of focus around IPv4 forwarding. Since the Linux 2.1 kernel,
Netlink has been providing the IP service abstraction to a few
services other than the classical RFC1812 IPv4 forwarding.
The motivation for this document is not to list every possible
service for which Netlink is applied. In fact, we leave out a lot of
services (multicast routing, tunneling, policy routing, etc). Neither
is this document intended to be a tutorial on Netlink. The idea is
to eXPlain the overall Netlink view with a special focus on the
mandatory building blocks within the ForCES charter (i.e., IPv4 and
QoS). This document also serves to capture prior art to many
mechanisms that are useful within the context of ForCES. The text is
limited to a subset of what is available in kernel 2.4.6, the newest
kernel when this document was first written. It is also limited to
IPv4 functionality.
We first give some concept definitions and then describe how Netlink
fits in.
1.1. Definitions
A Control Plane (CP) is an execution environment that may have
several sub-components, which we refer to as CPCs. Each CPC provides
control for a different IP service being executed by a Forwarding
Engine (FE) component. This relationship means that there might be
several CPCs on a physical CP, if it is controlling several IP
services. In essence, the cohesion between a CP component and an FE
component is the service abstraction.
1.1.1. Control Plane Components (CPCs)
Control Plane Components encompass signalling protocols, with
diversity ranging from dynamic routing protocols, such as OSPF [5],
to tag distribution protocols, such as CR-LDP [7]. Classical
management protocols and activities also fall under this category.
These include SNMP [6], COPS [4], and proprietary CLI/GUI
configuration mechanisms. The purpose of the control plane is to
provide an execution environment for the above-mentioned activities
with the ultimate goal being to configure and manage the second
Network Element (NE) component: the FE. The result of the
configuration defines the way that packets traversing the FE are
treated.
1.1.2. Forwarding Engine Components (FECs)
The FE is the entity of the NE that incoming packets (from the
network into the NE) first encounter.
The FE's service-specific component massages the packet to provide it
with a treatment to achieve an IP service, as defined by the Control
Plane Components for that IP service. Different services will
utilize different FECs. Service modules may be chained to achieve a
more complex service (refer to the Linux FE model, described later).
When built for providing a specific service, the FE service component
will adhere to a forwarding model.
1.1.2.1. Linux IP Forwarding Engine Model
____ +---------------+
+->- FW ---> TCP, UDP, ...
+----+ +---------------+
^ v
__
+----<----+ FW
+----+
^
Y
To host From host
stack stack
^
_____
Ingress ^ Y
device ____ +-------+ +-----+ ____ +--------+ Egress
->-----> FW -->Ingress-->----> Forw- -> FW -> Egress device
+----+ TC ard +----+ TC -->
+-------+ +-------+ +--------+
The figure above shows the Linux FE model per device. The only
mandatory part of the datapath is the Forwarding module, which is RFC
1812 conformant. The different Firewall (FW), Ingress Traffic
Control, and Egress Traffic Control building blocks are not mandatory
in the datapath and may even be used to bypass the RFC1812 module.
These modules are shown as simple blocks in the datapath but, in
fact, could be multiple cascaded, independent submodules within the
indicated blocks. More information can be found at [10] and [11].
Packets arriving at the ingress device first pass through a firewall
module. Packets may be dropped, munged, etc., by the firewall
module. The incoming packet, depending on set policy, may then be
passed via an Ingress Traffic Control module. Metering and policing
activities are contained within the Ingress TC module. Packets may
be dropped, depending on metering results and policing policies, at
this module. Next, the packet is subjected to the only non-optional
module, the RFC1812-conformant Forwarding module. The packet may be
dropped if it is nonconformant (to the many RFCs complementing 1812
and 1122). This module is a juncture point at which packets destined
to the forwarding NE may be sent up to the host stack.
Packets that are not for the NE may further traverse a policy routing
submodule (within the forwarding module), if so provisioned. Another
firewall module is walked next. The firewall module can drop or
munge/transform packets, depending on the configured sub-modules
encountered and their policies. If all goes well, the Egress TC
module is Accessed next.
The Egress TC may drop packets for policing, scheduling, congestion
control, or rate control reasons. Egress queues exist at this point
and any of the drops or delays may happen before or after the packet
is queued. All is dependent on configured module algorithms and
policies.
1.1.3. IP Services
An IP service is the treatment of an IP packet within the NE. This
treatment is provided by a combination of both the CPC and the FEC.
The time span of the service is from the moment when the packet
arrives at the NE to the moment that it departs. In essence, an IP
service in this context is a Per-Hop Behavior. CP components running
on NEs define the end-to-end path control for a service by running
control/signaling protocol/management-applications. These
distributed CPCs unify the end-to-end view of the IP service. As
noted above, these CP components then define the behavior of the FE
(and therefore the NE) for a described packet.
A simple example of an IP service is the classical IPv4 Forwarding.
In this case, control components, such as routing protocols (OSPF,
RIP, etc.) and proprietary CLI/GUI configurations, modify the FE's
forwarding tables in order to offer the simple service of forwarding
packets to the next hop. Traditionally, NEs offering this simple
service are known as routers.
In the diagram below, we show a simple FE<->CP setup to provide an
example of the classical IPv4 service with an extension to do some
basic QoS egress scheduling and illustrate how the setup fits in this
described model.
Control Plane (CP)
.------------------------------------
/^^^^^^\ /^^^^^^\
COPS -\
ospfd PEP \
\ / \_____/
/------\_____/ /
/
_________\_______________________
******************************************
Forwarding ************* Netlink layer ************
Engine (FE) *****************************************
.--------------------------------------------------
IPv4 forwarding
FE Service / /
Component / /
---------------/---------------/---------
/
packet ---------- --------- packet
in IPv4 Egress out
-->--->------>---->Forwarding-----> QoS ---> ---->->
Scheduler
----------- ----------
---------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
The above diagram illustrates ospfd, an OSPF protocol control daemon,
and a COPS Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) as distinct CPCs. The IPv4
FE component includes the IPv4 Forwarding service module as well as
the Egress Scheduling service module. Another service might add a
policy forwarder between the IPv4 forwarder and the QoS egress
scheduler. A simpler classical service would have constituted only
the IPv4 forwarder.
Over the years, it has become important to add additional services to
routers to meet emerging requirements. More complex services
extending classical forwarding have been added and standardized.
These newer services might go beyond the layer 3 contents of the
packet header. However, the name "router", although a misnomer, is
still used to describe these NEs. Services (which may look beyond
the classical L3 service headers) include firewalling, QoS in
Diffserv and RSVP, NAT, policy based routing, etc. Newer control
protocols or management activities are introduced with these new
services.
One extreme definition of a IP service is something for which a
service provider would be able to charge.
2. Netlink Architecture
Control of IP service components is defined by using templates.
The FEC and CPC participate to deliver the IP service by
communicating using these templates. The FEC might continuously get
updates from the Control Plane Component on how to operate the
service (e.g., for v4 forwarding or for route additions or
deletions).
The interaction between the FEC and the CPC, in the Netlink context,
defines a protocol. Netlink provides mechanisms for the CPC
(residing in user space) and the FEC (residing in kernel space) to
have their own protocol definition -- kernel space and user space
just mean different protection domains. Therefore, a wire protocol
is needed to communicate. The wire protocol is normally provided by
some privileged service that is able to copy between multiple
protection domains. We will refer to this service as the Netlink
service. The Netlink service can also be encapsulated in a different
transport layer, if the CPC executes on a different node than the
FEC. The FEC and CPC, using Netlink mechanisms, may choose to define
a reliable protocol between each other. By default, however, Netlink
provides an unreliable communication.
Note that the FEC and CPC can both live in the same memory protection
domain and use the connect() system call to create a path to the peer
and talk to each other. We will not discuss this mechanism further
other than to say that it is available. Throughout this document, we
will refer interchangeably to the FEC to mean kernel space and the
CPC to mean user space. This denomination is not meant, however, to
restrict the two components to these protection domains or to the
same compute node.
Note: Netlink allows participation in IP services by both service
components.
2.1. Netlink Logical Model
In the diagram below we show a simple FEC<->CPC logical relationship.
We use the IPv4 forwarding FEC (NETLINK_ROUTE, which is discussed
further below) as an example.
Control Plane (CP)
.------------------------------------
/^^^^^\ /^^^^^\
/ CPC-2 \
CPC-1 COPS
ospfd PEP
/ \____ _/
\____/
****************************************
************* BROADCAST WIRE ************
FE---------- *****************************************.
IPv4 forwarding
FEC
--------------/ -----------------------
/
.-------. .-------. .------.
Ingress IPv4 Egress
police Forward QoS
_______ _______ Sched
------
---------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Netlink logically models FECs and CPCs in the form of nodes
interconnected to each other via a broadcast wire.
The wire is specific to a service. The example above shows the
broadcast wire belonging to the extended IPv4 forwarding service.
Nodes (CPCs or FECs as illustrated above) connect to the wire and
register to receive specific messages. CPCs may connect to multiple
wires if it helps them to control the service better. All nodes
(CPCs and FECs) dump packets on the broadcast wire. Packets can be
discarded by the wire if they are malformed or not specifically
formatted for the wire. Dropped packets are not seen by any of the
nodes. The Netlink service may signal an error to the sender if it
detects a malformatted Netlink packet.
Packets sent on the wire can be broadcast, multicast, or unicast.
FECs or CPCs register for specific messages of interest for
processing or just monitoring purposes.
Appendices 1 and 2 have a high level overview of this interaction.
2.2. Message Format
There are three levels to a Netlink message: The general Netlink
message header, the IP service specific template, and the IP service
specific data.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Netlink message header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IP Service Template
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IP Service specific data in TLVs
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The Netlink message is used to communicate between the FEC and CPC
for parameterization of the FECs, asynchronous event notification of
FEC events to the CPCs, and statistics querying/gathering (typically
by a CPC).
The Netlink message header is generic for all services, whereas the
IP Service Template header is specific to a service. Each IP Service
then carries parameterization data (CPC->FEC direction) or response
(FEC->CPC direction). These parameterizations are in TLV (Type-
Length-Value) format and are unique to the service.
The different parts of the netlink message are discussed in the
following sections.
2.3. Protocol Model
This section expands on how Netlink provides the mechanism for
service-oriented FEC and CPC interaction.
2.3.1. Service Addressing
Access is provided by first connecting to the service on the FE. The
connection is achieved by making a socket() system call to the
PF_NETLINK domain. Each FEC is identified by a protocol number. One
may open either SOCK_RAW or SOCK_DGRAM type sockets, although Netlink
does not distinguish between the two. The socket connection provides
the basis for the FE<->CP addressing.
Connecting to a service is followed (at any point during the life of
the connection) by either issuing a service-specific command (from
the CPC to the FEC, mostly for configuration purposes), issuing a
statistics-collection command, or subscribing/unsubscribing to
service events. Closing the socket terminates the transaction.
Refer to Appendices 1 and 2 for examples.
2.3.2. Netlink Message Header
Netlink messages consist of a byte stream with one or multiple
Netlink headers and an associated payload. If the payload is too big
to fit into a single message it, can be split over multiple Netlink
messages, collectively called a multipart message. For multipart
messages, the first and all following headers have the NLM_F_MULTI
Netlink header flag set, except for the last header which has the
Netlink header type NLMSG_DONE.
The Netlink message header is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type Flags
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Sequence Number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Process ID (PID)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The fields in the header are:
Length: 32 bits
The length of the message in bytes, including the header.
Type: 16 bits
This field describes the message content.
It can be one of the standard message types:
NLMSG_NOOP Message is ignored.
NLMSG_ERROR The message signals an error and the payload
contains a nlmsgerr structure. This can be looked
at as a NACK and typically it is from FEC to CPC.
NLMSG_DONE Message terminates a multipart message.
Individual IP services specify more message types, e.g.,
NETLINK_ROUTE service specifies several types, such as RTM_NEWLINK,
RTM_DELLINK, RTM_GETLINK, RTM_NEWADDR, RTM_DELADDR, RTM_NEWROUTE,
RTM_DELROUTE, etc.
Flags: 16 bits
The standard flag bits used in Netlink are
NLM_F_REQUEST Must be set on all request messages (typically
from user space to kernel space)
NLM_F_MULTI Indicates the message is part of a multipart
message terminated by NLMSG_DONE
NLM_F_ACK Request for an acknowledgment on success.
Typical direction of request is from user
space (CPC) to kernel space (FEC).
NLM_F_ECHO Echo this request. Typical direction of
request is from user space (CPC) to kernel
space (FEC).
Additional flag bits for GET requests on config information in
the FEC.
NLM_F_ROOT Return the complete table instead of a
single entry.
NLM_F_MATCH Return all entries matching criteria passed in
message content.
NLM_F_ATOMIC Return an atomic snapshot of the table being
referenced. This may require special
privileges because it has the potential to
interrupt service in the FE for a longer time.
Convenience macros for flag bits:
NLM_F_DUMP This is NLM_F_ROOT or'ed with NLM_F_MATCH
Additional flag bits for NEW requests
NLM_F_REPLACE Replace existing matching config object with
this request.
NLM_F_EXCL Don't replace the config object if it already
exists.
NLM_F_CREATE Create config object if it doesn't already
exist.
NLM_F_APPEND Add to the end of the object list.
For those familiar with BSDish use of such operations in route
sockets, the equivalent translations are:
- BSD ADD operation equates to NLM_F_CREATE or-ed
with NLM_F_EXCL
- BSD CHANGE operation equates to NLM_F_REPLACE
- BSD Check operation equates to NLM_F_EXCL
- BSD APPEND equivalent is actually mapped to
NLM_F_CREATE
Sequence Number: 32 bits
The sequence number of the message.
Process ID (PID): 32 bits
The PID of the process sending the message. The PID is used by the
kernel to multiplex to the correct sockets. A PID of zero is used
when sending messages to user space from the kernel.
2.3.2.1. Mechanisms for Creating Protocols
One could create a reliable protocol between an FEC and a CPC by
using the combination of sequence numbers, ACKs, and retransmit
timers. Both sequence numbers and ACKs are provided by Netlink;
timers are provided by Linux.
One could create a heartbeat protocol between the FEC and CPC by
using the ECHO flags and the NLMSG_NOOP message.
2.3.2.2. The ACK Netlink Message
This message is actually used to denote both an ACK and a NACK.
Typically, the direction is from FEC to CPC (in response to an ACK
request message). However, the CPC should be able to send ACKs back
to FEC when requested. The semantics for this are IP service
specific.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Netlink message header
type = NLMSG_ERROR
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Error code
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
OLD Netlink message header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Error code: integer (typically 32 bits)
An error code of zero indicates that the message is an ACK response.
An ACK response message contains the original Netlink message header,
which can be used to compare against (sent sequence numbers, etc).
A non-zero error code message is equivalent to a Negative ACK (NACK).
In such a situation, the Netlink data that was sent down to the
kernel is returned appended to the original Netlink message header.
An error code printable via the perror() is also set (not in the
message header, rather in the executing environment state variable).
2.3.3. FE System Services' Templates
These are services that are offered by the system for general use by
other services. They include the ability to configure, gather
statistics and listen to changes in shared resources. IP address
management, link events, etc. fit here. We create this section for
these services for logical separation, despite the fact that they are
accessed via the NETLINK_ROUTE FEC. The reason that they exist
within NETLINK_ROUTE is due to historical cruft: the BSD 4.4 Route
Sockets implemented them as part of the IPv4 forwarding sockets.
2.3.3.1. Network Interface Service Module
This service provides the ability to create, remove, or get
information about a specific network interface. The network
interface can be either physical or virtual and is network protocol
independent (e.g., an x.25 interface can be defined via this
message). The Interface service message template is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family Reserved Device Type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Interface Index
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Device Flags
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Change Mask
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family: 8 bits
This is always set to AF_UNSPEC.
Device Type: 16 bits
This defines the type of the link. The link could be Ethernet, a
tunnel, etc. We are interested only in IPv4, although the link type
is L3 protocol-independent.
Interface Index: 32 bits
Uniquely identifies interface.
Device Flags: 32 bits
IFF_UP Interface is administratively up.
IFF_BROADCAST Valid broadcast address set.
IFF_DEBUG Internal debugging flag.
IFF_LOOPBACK Interface is a loopback interface.
IFF_POINTOPOINT Interface is a point-to-point link.
IFF_RUNNING Interface is operationally up.
IFF_NOARP No ARP protocol needed for this interface.
IFF_PROMISC Interface is in promiscuous mode.
IFF_NOTRAILERS Avoid use of trailers.
IFF_ALLMULTI Receive all multicast packets.
IFF_MASTER Master of a load balancing bundle.
IFF_SLAVE Slave of a load balancing bundle.
IFF_MULTICAST Supports multicast.
IFF_PORTSEL Is able to select media type via ifmap.
IFF_AUTOMEDIA Auto media selection active.
IFF_DYNAMIC Interface was dynamically created.
Change Mask: 32 bits
Reserved for future use. Must be set to 0xFFFFFFFF.
Applicable attributes:
Attribute Description
..........................................................
IFLA_UNSPEC Unspecified.
IFLA_ADDRESS Hardware address interface L2 address.
IFLA_BROADCAST Hardware address L2 broadcast
address.
IFLA_IFNAME ASCII string device name.
IFLA_MTU MTU of the device.
IFLA_LINK ifindex of link to which this device
is bound.
IFLA_QDISC ASCII string defining egress root
queuing discipline.
IFLA_STATS Interface statistics.
Netlink message types specific to this service:
RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_DELLINK, and RTM_GETLINK
2.3.3.2. IP Address Service Module
This service provides the ability to add, remove, or receive
information about an IP address associated with an interface. The
address provisioning service message template is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family Length Flags Scope
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Interface Index
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family: 8 bits
Address Family: AF_INET for IPv4; and AF_INET6 for IPV6.
Length: 8 bits
The length of the address mask.
Flags: 8 bits
IFA_F_SECONDARY For secondary address (alias interface).
IFA_F_PERMANENT For a permanent address set by the user.
When this is not set, it means the address
was dynamically created (e.g., by stateless
autoconfiguration).
IFA_F_DEPRECATED Defines deprecated (IPV4) address.
IFA_F_TENTATIVE Defines tentative (IPV4) address (duplicate
address detection is still in progress).
Scope: 8 bits
The address scope in which the address stays valid.
SCOPE_UNIVERSE: Global scope.
SCOPE_SITE (IPv6 only): Only valid within this site.
SCOPE_LINK: Valid only on this device.
SCOPE_HOST: Valid only on this host.
le attributes:
Attribute Description
IFA_UNSPEC Unspecified.
IFA_ADDRESS Raw protocol address of interface.
IFA_LOCAL Raw protocol local address.
IFA_LABEL ASCII string name of the interface.
IFA_BROADCAST Raw protocol broadcast address.
IFA_ANYCAST Raw protocol anycast address.
IFA_CACHEINFO Cache address information.
Netlink messages specific to this service: RTM_NEWADDR,
RTM_DELADDR, and RTM_GETADDR.
3. Currently Defined Netlink IP Services
Although there are many other IP services defined that are using
Netlink, as mentioned earlier, we will talk only about a handful of
those integrated into kernel version 2.4.6. These are:
NETLINK_ROUTE, NETLINK_FIREWALL, and NETLINK_ARPD.
3.1. IP Service NETLINK_ROUTE
This service allows CPCs to modify the IPv4 routing table in the
Forwarding Engine. It can also be used by CPCs to receive routing
updates, as well as to collect statistics.
3.1.1. Network Route Service Module
This service provides the ability to create, remove or receive
information about a network route. The service message template is
shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family Src length Dest length TOS
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Table ID Protocol Scope Type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Flags
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family: 8 bits
Address Family: AF_INET for IPv4; and AF_INET6 for IPV6.
Src length: 8 bits
Prefix length of source IP address.
Dest length: 8 bits
Prefix length of destination IP address.
TOS: 8 bits
The 8-bit TOS (should be deprecated to make room for DSCP).
Table ID: 8 bits
Table identifier. Up to 255 route tables are supported.
RT_TABLE_UNSPEC An unspecified routing table.
RT_TABLE_DEFAULT The default table.
RT_TABLE_MAIN The main table.
RT_TABLE_LOCAL The local table.
The user may assign arbitrary values between
RT_TABLE_UNSPEC(0) and RT_TABLE_DEFAULT(253).
Protocol: 8 bits
Identifies what/who added the route.
Protocol Route origin.
..............................................
RTPROT_UNSPEC Unknown.
RTPROT_REDIRECT By an ICMP redirect.
RTPROT_KERNEL By the kernel.
RTPROT_BOOT During bootup.
RTPROT_STATIC By the administrator.
Values larger than RTPROT_STATIC(4) are not interpreted by the
kernel, they are just for user information. They may be used to
tag the source of a routing information or to distinguish between
multiple routing daemons. See <linux/rtnetlink.h> for the
routing daemon identifiers that are already assigned.
Scope: 8 bits
Route scope (valid distance to destination).
RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE Global route.
RT_SCOPE_SITE Interior route in the
local autonomous system.
RT_SCOPE_LINK Route on this link.
RT_SCOPE_HOST Route on the local host.
RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE Destination does not exist.
The values between RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE(0) and RT_SCOPE_SITE(200)
are available to the user.
Type: 8 bits
The type of route.
Route type Description
----------------------------------------------------
RTN_UNSPEC Unknown route.
RTN_UNICAST A gateway or direct route.
RTN_LOCAL A local interface route.
RTN_BROADCAST A local broadcast route
(sent as a broadcast).
RTN_ANYCAST An anycast route.
RTN_MULTICAST A multicast route.
RTN_BLACKHOLE A silent packet dropping route.
RTN_UNREACHABLE An unreachable destination.
Packets dropped and host
unreachable ICMPs are sent to the
originator.
RTN_PROHIBIT A packet rejection route. Packets
are dropped and communication
prohibited ICMPs are sent to the
originator.
RTN_THROW When used with policy routing,
continue routing lookup in another
table. Under normal routing,
packets are dropped and net
unreachable ICMPs are sent to the
originator.
RTN_NAT A network address translation
rule.
RTN_XRESOLVE Refer to an external resolver (not
implemented).
Flags: 32 bits
Further qualify the route.
RTM_F_NOTIFY If the route changes, notify the
user.
RTM_F_CLONED Route is cloned from another route.
RTM_F_EQUALIZE Allow randomization of next hop
path in multi-path routing
(currently not implemented).
Attributes applicable to this service:
Attribute Description
---------------------------------------------------
RTA_UNSPEC Ignored.
RTA_DST Protocol address for route
destination address.
RTA_SRC Protocol address for route source
address.
RTA_IIF Input interface index.
RTA_OIF Output interface index.
RTA_GATEWAY Protocol address for the gateway of
the route
RTA_PRIORITY Priority of route.
RTA_PREFSRC Preferred source address in cases
where more than one source address
could be used.
RTA_METRICS Route metrics attributed to route
and associated protocols (e.g.,
RTT, initial TCP window, etc.).
RTA_MULTIPATH Multipath route next hop's
attributes.
RTA_PROTOINFO Firewall based policy routing
attribute.
RTA_FLOW Route realm.
RTA_CACHEINFO Cached route information.
Additional Netlink message types applicable to this service:
RTM_NEWROUTE, RTM_DELROUTE, and RTM_GETROUTE
3.1.2. Neighbor Setup Service Module
This service provides the ability to add, remove, or receive
information about a neighbor table entry (e.g., an ARP entry or an
IPv4 neighbor solicitation, etc.). The service message template is
shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family Reserved1 Reserved2
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Interface Index
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
State Flags Type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family: 8 bits
Address Family: AF_INET for IPv4; and AF_INET6 for IPV6.
Interface Index: 32 bits
The unique interface index.
State: 16 bits
A bitmask of the following states:
NUD_INCOMPLETE Still attempting to resolve.
NUD_REACHABLE A confirmed working cache entry
NUD_STALE an expired cache entry.
NUD_DELAY Neighbor no longer reachable.
Traffic sent, waiting for
confirmation.
NUD_PROBE A cache entry that is currently
being re-solicited.
NUD_FAILED An invalid cache entry.
NUD_NOARP A device which does not do neighbor
discovery (ARP).
NUD_PERMANENT A static entry.
Flags: 8 bits
NTF_PROXY A proxy ARP entry.
NTF_ROUTER An IPv6 router.
Attributes applicable to this service:
Attributes Description
------------------------------------
NDA_UNSPEC Unknown type.
NDA_DST A neighbour cache network.
layer destination address
NDA_LLADDR A neighbor cache link layer
address.
NDA_CACHEINFO Cache statistics.
Additional Netlink message types applicable to this service:
RTM_NEWNEIGH, RTM_DELNEIGH, and RTM_GETNEIGH.
3.1.3. Traffic Control Service
This service provides the ability to provision, query or listen to
events under the auspices of traffic control. These include queuing
disciplines, (schedulers and queue treatment algorithms -- e.g.,
priority-based scheduler or the RED algorithm) and classifiers.
Linux Traffic Control Service is very flexible and allows for
hierarchical cascading of the different blocks for traffic resource
sharing.
++ ++ +-----+ +-------+ ++ ++ .++
. +------+ --> Qdisc -->
---->Filter--->Class +-------+ -+
+------+ +---------------+
. +----------------------+ .
. +------+
+->Filter-_ +-----+ +-------+ ++ .
--> +------+ -> --> Qdisc --> ->
. Class +-------+ -+--> .
->dev-> +------+ _-> +---------------+
+->Filter- +----------------------+ .
+------+ .
. +----------------------------------------------+
Parent Queuing discipline .
. +------------------------------------------------+ .
. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . ..
+--------------------------------------------------------+
Parent Queuing discipline
(attached to egress device)
+----------------------------------------------------------+
The above diagram shows an example of the Egress TC block. We try to
be very brief here. For more information, please refer to [11]. A
packet first goes through a filter that is used to identify a class
to which the packet may belong. A class is essentially a terminal
queuing discipline and has a queue associated with it. The queue may
be subject to a simple algorithm, like FIFO, or a more complex one,
like RED or a token bucket. The outermost queuing discipline, which
is referred to as the parent is typically associated with a
scheduler. Within this scheduler hierarchy, however, may be other
scheduling algorithms, making the Linux Egress TC very flexible.
The service message template that makes this possible is shown below.
This template is used in both the ingress and the egress queuing
disciplines (refer to the egress traffic control model in the FE
model section). Each of the specific components of the model has
unique attributes that describe it best. The common attributes are
described below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family Reserved1 Reserved2
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Interface Index
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Qdisc handle
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Parent Qdisc
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
TCM Info
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family: 8 bits
Address Family: AF_INET for IPv4; and AF_INET6 for IPV6.
Interface Index: 32 bits
The unique interface index.
Qdisc handle: 32 bits
Unique identifier for instance of queuing discipline. Typically,
this is split into major:minor of 16 bits each. The major number
would also be the major number of the parent of this instance.
Parent Qdisc: 32 bits
Used in hierarchical layering of queuing disciplines. If this value
and the Qdisc handle are the same and equal to TC_H_ROOT, then the
defined qdisc is the top most layer known as the root qdisc.
TCM Info: 32 bits
Set by the FE to 1 typically, except when the Qdisc instance is in
use, in which case it is set to imply a reference count. From the
CPC towards the direction of the FEC, this is typically set to 0
except when used in the context of filters. In that case, this 32-
bit field is split into a 16-bit priority field and 16-bit protocol
field. The protocol is defined in kernel source
<include/linux/if_ether.h>, however, the most commonly used one is
ETH_P_IP (the IP protocol).
The priority is used for conflict resolution when filters intersect
in their expressions.
Generic attributes applicable to this service:
Attribute Description
------------------------------------
TCA_KIND Canonical name of FE component.
TCA_STATS Generic usage statistics of FEC
TCA_RATE rate estimator being attached to
FEC. Takes snapshots of stats to
compute rate.
TCA_XSTATS Specific statistics of FEC.
TCA_OPTIONS Nested FEC-specific attributes.
Appendix 3 has an example of configuring an FE component for a FIFO
Qdisc.
Additional Netlink message types applicable to this service:
RTM_NEWQDISC, RTM_DELQDISC, RTM_GETQDISC, RTM_NEWTCLASS,
RTM_DELTCLASS, RTM_GETTCLASS, RTM_NEWTFILTER, RTM_DELTFILTER, and
RTM_GETTFILTER.
3.2. IP Service NETLINK_FIREWALL
This service allows CPCs to receive, manipulate, and re-inject
packets via the IPv4 firewall service modules in the FE. A firewall
rule is first inserted to activate packet redirection. The CPC
informs the FEC whether it would like to receive just the metadata on
the packet or the actual data and, if the metadata is desired, what
is the maximum data length to be redirected. The redirected packets
are still stored in the FEC, waiting a verdict from the CPC. The
verdict could constitute a simple accept or drop decision of the
packet, in which case the verdict is imposed on the packet still
sitting on the FEC. The verdict may also include a modified packet
to be sent on as a replacement.
Two types of messages exist that can be sent from CPC to FEC. These
are: Mode messages and Verdict messages. Mode messages are sent
immediately to the FEC to describe what the CPC would like to
receive. Verdict messages are sent to the FEC after a decision has
been made on the fate of a received packet. The formats are
described below.
The mode message is described first.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mode Reserved1 Reserved2
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Range
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mode: 8 bits
Control information on the packet to be sent to the CPC. The
different types are:
IPQ_COPY_META Copy only packet metadata to CPC.
IPQ_COPY_PACKET Copy packet metadata and packet payloads
to CPC.
Range: 32 bits
If IPQ_COPY_PACKET, this defines the maximum length to copy.
A packet and associated metadata received from user space looks
as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Packet ID
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mark
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
timestamp_m
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
timestamp_u
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
hook
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
indev_name
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
outdev_name
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
hw_protocol hw_type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
hw_addrlen Reserved
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
hw_addr
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
data_len
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Payload . . .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Packet ID: 32 bits
The unique packet identifier as passed to the CPC by the FEC.
Mark: 32 bits
The internal metadata value set to describe the rule in which
the packet was picked.
timestamp_m: 32 bits
Packet arrival time (seconds)
timestamp_u: 32 bits
Packet arrival time (useconds in addition to the seconds in
timestamp_m)
hook: 32 bits
The firewall module from which the packet was picked.
indev_name: 128 bits
ASCII name of incoming interface.
outdev_name: 128 bits
ASCII name of outgoing interface.
hw_protocol: 16 bits
Hardware protocol, in network order.
hw_type: 16 bits
Hardware type.
hw_addrlen: 8 bits
Hardware address length.
hw_addr: 64 bits
Hardware address.
data_len: 32 bits
Length of packet data.
Payload: size defined by data_len
The payload of the packet received.
The Verdict message format is as follows
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Value
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Packet ID
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Data Length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Payload . . .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Value: 32 bits
This is the verdict to be imposed on the packet still sitting
in the FEC. Verdicts could be:
NF_ACCEPT Accept the packet and let it continue its
traversal.
NF_DROP Drop the packet.
Packet ID: 32 bits
The packet identifier as passed to the CPC by the FEC.
Data Length: 32 bits
The data length of the modified packet (in bytes). If you don't
modify the packet just set it to 0.
Payload:
Size as defined by the Data Length field.
3.3. IP Service NETLINK_ARPD
This service is used by CPCs for managing the neighbor table in the
FE. The message format used between the FEC and CPC is described in
the section on the Neighbor Setup Service Module.
The CPC service is expected to participate in neighbor solicitation
protocol(s).
A neighbor message of type RTM_NEWNEIGH is sent towards the CPC by
the FE to inform the CPC of changes that might have happened on that
neighbor's entry (e.g., a neighbor being perceived as unreachable).
RTM_GETNEIGH is used to solicit the CPC for information on a specific
neighbor.
4. References
4.1. Normative References
[1] Braden, R., Clark, D. and S. Shenker, "Integrated Services in
the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC1633, June 1994.
[2] Baker, F., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC1812,
June 1995.
[3] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E, Wang, Z. and W.
Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC2475,
December 1998.
[4] Durham, D., Boyle, J., Cohen, R., Herzog, S., Rajan, R. and A.
Sastry, "The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol", RFC
2748, January 2000.
[5] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC2328, April 1998.
[6] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M. and C. Davin, "Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 15, RFC1157, May 1990.
[7] Andersson, L., Doolan, P., Feldman, N., Fredette, A. and B.
Thomas, "LDP Specification", RFC3036, January 2001.
[8] Bernet, Y., Blake, S., Grossman, D. and A. Smith, "An Informal
Management Model for DiffServ Routers", RFC3290, May 2002.
4.2. Informative References
[9] G. R. Wright, W. Richard Stevens. "TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 2,
Chapter 20", June 1995.
[10] http://www.netfilter.org
[11] http://diffserv.sourceforge.net
5. Security Considerations
Netlink lives in a trusted environment of a single host separated by
kernel and user space. Linux capabilities ensure that only someone
with CAP_NET_ADMIN capability (typically, the root user) is allowed
to open sockets.
6. Acknowledgements
1) Andi Kleen, for man pages on netlink and rtnetlink.
2) Alexey Kuznetsov is credited for extending Netlink to the IP
service delivery model. The original Netlink character device was
written by Alan Cox.
3) Jeremy Ethridge for taking the role of someone who did not
understand Netlink and reviewing the document to make sure that it
made sense.
Appendix 1: Sample Service Hierarchy
In the diagram below we show a simple IP service, foo, and the
interaction it has between CP and FE components for the service
(labels 1-3).
The diagram is also used to demonstrate CP<->FE addressing. In this
section, we illustrate only the addressing semantics. In Appendix 2,
the diagram is referenced again to define the protocol interaction
between service foo's CPC and FEC (labels 4-10).
CP
[--------------------------------------------------------.
.-----.
. -------.
CLI / \
CP protocol
/->> -. component <-.
__ _/ For
IP service ^
Y foo
___________/ ^
Y 1,4,6,8,9 / ^ 2,5,10 3,7
--------------- Y------------/------------------------
^ ^
*************************************
************* Netlink layer ************
*************************************
FE ^ ^
.-------- Y-----------Y------------- ----.
/
Y /
. --------^-------. /
FE component/module/
for IP Service
--->--------->--- foo ----->----------->--
-------------------
------------------------------------------
The control plane protocol for IP service foo does the following to
connect to its FE counterpart. The steps below are also numbered
above in the diagram.
1) Connect to the IP service foo through a socket connect. A typical
connection would be via a call to: socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW,
NETLINK_FOO).
2) Bind to listen to specific asynchronous events for service foo.
3) Bind to listen to specific asynchronous FE events.
Appendix 2: Sample Protocol for the Foo IP Service
Our example IP service foo is used again to demonstrate how one can
deploy a simple IP service control using Netlink.
These steps are continued from Appendix 1 (hence the numbering).
4) Query for current config of FE component.
5) Receive response to (4) via channel on (3).
6) Query for current state of IP service foo.
7) Receive response to (6) via channel on (2).
8) Register the protocol-specific packets you would like the FE to
forward to you.
9) Send service-specific foo commands and receive responses for them,
if needed.
Appendix 2a: Interacting with Other IP services
The diagram in Appendix 1 shows another control component configuring
the same service. In this case, it is a proprietary Command Line
Interface. The CLI may or may not be using the Netlink protocol to
communicate to the foo component. If the CLI issues commands that
will affect the policy of the FEC for service foo then, then the foo
CPC is notified. It could then make algorithmic decisions based on
this input. For example, if an FE allowed another service to delete
policies installed by a different service and a policy that foo
installed was deleted by service bar, there might be a need to
propagate this to all the peers of service foo.
Appendix 3: Examples
In this example, we show a simple configuration Netlink message sent
from a TC CPC to an egress TC FIFO queue. This queue algorithm is
based on packet counting and drops packets when the limit exceeds 100
packets. We assume that the queue is in a hierarchical setup with a
parent 100:0 and a classid of 100:1 and that it is to be installed on
a device with an ifindex of 4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Length (52)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type (RTM_NEWQDISC) Flags (NLM_F_EXCL
NLM_F_CREATE NLM_F_REQUEST)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Sequence Number(arbitrary number)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Process ID (0)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Family(AF_INET) Reserved1 Reserved1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Interface Index (4)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Qdisc handle (0x1000001)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Parent Qdisc (0x1000000)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
TCM Info (0)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type (TCA_KIND) Length(4)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Value ("pfifo")
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type (TCA_OPTIONS) Length(4)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Value (limit=100)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Authors' Addresses
Jamal Hadi Salim
Znyx Networks
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
EMail: hadi@znyx.com
Hormuzd M Khosravi
Intel
2111 N.E. 25th Avenue JF3-206
Hillsboro OR 97124-5961
USA
Phone: +1 503 264 0334
EMail: hormuzd.m.khosravi@intel.com
Andi Kleen
SuSE
Stahlgruberring 28
81829 Muenchen
Germany
EMail: ak@suse.de
Alexey Kuznetsov
INR/Swsoft
Moscow
Russia
EMail: kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru
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