1.Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that lectures on business ethics have been included in their syllabuses of study.——（Students taking business courses sometimes wonder why their courses include the topic of business ethics.） 选修商业课程的学生多少感到惊讶地发现他们的课程中，还有关于商来道德方面的讲座。
1） be surprise/pleased/delighted/glad/happy/sorry， etc.to do sth.：对……感到惊讶/高兴/兴奋/抱歉等。
又如： Henry''s friends were delighted to hear of his success.
亨利的朋友听说他成功了，感到很高兴。
I''m very sorry to tell you that you didn''t pass the exam.
我很抱歉地通知你，你考试没有通过。
2） ethics： （plural） moral principles that control or influence a person''s behaviours道德
business ethics： moral rules or principles governing the behaviour of people involved in the business of selling and buying， which include fair play in conducting business， not operating dishonest practices， such as swindles， fraud， bribery syllabus： a list of the topics， books， etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or college. 商来道德
2. they may be tempted to bend their principles to get what they want.为了达到目的，他们可能会做出违心的事情。
1） be tempted to do sth.： 受到吸引、诱惑而去做……。
又如： The boy was tempted to play the computer games after class every afternoon.
这个男孩每天下午放学后都被吸引去打电子游戏。
He was tempted to take a well-paid job a big company had offered.
他很想接受一家大公司答应给的一份高收入的工作。
Nothing would tempt her to leave her aging parents alone in the countryside.
她决不会把年迈的双亲单独留在乡下不管。
2） bend one''s principles： do things against one''s principles rather unwillingly勉强做违背自己原则的事情。
Sometimes people will bend their principles to meet their desire for money and power.
有时候人们会做一些违背原则的事情以满足他们对金钱和权力的欲望。
注意以往学过的近似的意思： There would be no powerful will bending hers.
（那时）再也没有人把自己（的意志）强加于她了。
3） to get what they want 是目的状语，修饰谓语may be tempted to bend their principles.
3 . ……bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and， in some， this type of corruption has been a way of life for centuries.——（……bribery in its various forms is increasing/becoming more and more common in many countries； in some this type of corruption has been the typical pattern of behaviour for hundreds of years.）在许多国家，形形色色的贿赂形式在增加；在有些国家里， 这类腐败现象几个世纪以来早已成了一种事的模式。
1） on the increase： increasing增加。
又如： Crime is on the increase in that country.
那个国家的犯罪现象在增加。
The unemployment in that country is on the increase.
那个国家的失业在增加。
2） a /one''s way of life： 一种（或某人的）生活方式，一种正常的办事模式。
又如： Early to bed and early to rise is his way of life.
早睡早起是他的生活方式。
Dinning out， especially on holidays， is a way of life for the people in big cities.
在外面餐馆吃饭，特别是在节假日，是大城市许多人们的一种生活方式。
Spending today what you will earn tomorrow is becoming a way of life for many young city people.
今天花将来挣的钱逐渐成为城市里许多年轻人的生活方式。
4. suppose you were head of a major soft-drinks company and you want to break into a certain overseas market where the growth potential for your company is likely to be very great indeed.——（……you want to sell your company''s soft-drinks in a foreign country for the first time because you think in future these drinks will sell very well though at the present they may not be popular.） 假设你是一家重要软饮料公司的头头，你想打入某个对公司发展前景看好的海外市场。
1） you were是虚拟语气。If you were… head of： 头头，…之首 head of state国家元首； head of government政府首脑； head of school一校之长；head of family一家之长
2） break into： to become involved in a new business activity打进，侵占；破门；而入；突然… Some foreign companies are trying to break into the Chinese market. 一些外国公司想方设法打进中国市场。 He lost his keys， so he had to break into his house.他丢了钥匙，因此不得不破门而入。 The thief broke into running when he saw a policeman.这个小偷一看见警察拔腿就跑。
3） potential （for）： the possibility of sth. happening or being developed or used……可能性，有潜力，存在市场 The new product has a great potential for sales （could be sold in large quantities）。 这种新产品将来可能会卖得很俏。 Seeing the potential for nuclear attacks， the family built a shelter. 这家人认识到可能会发生核攻击之事，就修建了防空洞。 They all agree that the potential for conflict between the two parties is great. 他们一致同意两个派别发生冲突的可能性相当大。
4） be likely to do / be： will probably do / be可能会发生（或成为）。
He is likely to be our new manager.
他很有可能成为我们的新经理。
5. the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that……贸易部长明确表示……
make……clear： 明确表明，有三种不同的形式：
1）make sth. clear，如： I think I''ve made my intentions very clear.
我想我已经把我的意图表达清楚了。
2）make oneself clear，如： I wonder if I''ve made myself clear.
不知大家是否明白了我的意思。
如果make的宾语是that从句，则在宾语的位置用it，将从句置于clear之后。
3）（向某人）明确表示……。
又如： The doctor made it clear to his family that the patient didn''t have more than three days to live.
医生毫不含糊地向家属表明病人最多还能活3天。
6. ……you are also likely to avoid “bureaucratic delays”， as he puts it.
（If you promise to pay this official a large sum of money）……
同时，正如他说的那样，你还可能避免“因官僚主义而延误”的情况。
（you will probably also manage to get things done smoothly without“bureaucratic delays”， to use his own words.）
Because of unreasonable complicated official rules and processes before you can get sth. done or approved. For example， if you want to get permission from government officials to do something， you have to go through a lot of complicated processes and are likely to wait for a long time before you get it.
1） be likely to do / be： will probably do / be可能会发生（或成为）
2） as he puts it 是方式状语从句。
7. Now， the question is： do you pay up or stand by your principle？现在的问题是：你是按数付钱，还是坚持你的原则？
1） pay up： hand money to sb.向某人交钱，一般指“支付一切欠款”，此处指“向索贿者交付他想要的数目”。
Unless you pay up， they''ll cut off your gas supply.
你要再不支付拖欠的煤气费，他们就要停止你的煤气供应。
2） stand by sth.： be faithful to a promise， decision， principle， etc. 遵守诺言，信守决定，坚持原则等。
又如： Once a decision is made， you''ve got to stand by it.
一旦作出了决定，就要信守决定。
I''ll stand by every word I''ve said no matter what happens.
无论发生什么事，我都会遵守诺言。
8. Some time ago the British car manufacturer， the British car manufacturer， British Leyland， was accused of operating a “slush fund” ， and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers with padded commission， offering additional discounts and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland.——（The British car manufacturer was said to have used a “slush fund” and other dishonest ways of doing business. These include paying their business partners （agents or buyers） commissions of more than depositing money into numbered， i.e. secret accounts in Swiss banks.） 被指控设有一笔用来支付非法事项的款子以及搞其他不正当做法，如向代理商和买方支付高额回扣、提供附加折扣以及向瑞士银行某些具体账号存款等。
1） Be accused of （doing）sth. 被指控
The manager was accused of taking bribes.
经理被指控犯有受贿罪。
2） slush fund： a fund used to make illegal or questionable payments/a sum of money kept for illegal purposes， esp. in politics. Slush is literally melting， often dirty snow
一笔支付非法或不正当事物的款子。
原意是正在融化的雪，往往很脏。
3） questionable practices： dishonest ways of doing things不正当做法
4） agent： a person whose job is to act for， or manage the affairs of other people in business代理商
5） commission： an amount of money that is paid to sb. for selling goods and which increases with the amount of goods回扣，佣金 padded commissions： commissions that are higher than the normal amount/rate比率超常的回扣。正常的回扣是合法的，如5％，如果回扣过高如20％就不正常，padded的愿意是“填满了……的”。
6） discount： a reduction in the cost of goods that you offer agents or buyers折扣
7） numbered bank account： a bank account that is given a special number and not the name of the depositor
具体账号存款，以上所列实质都是行贿，或是变相行贿。瑞士的银行是世界范围内犯罪分子洗钱首选之地，因此瑞士银行因接纳不义之财而受到批评。
9. The company rejected these allegations and they were later withdrawn. 这家公司驳回这些指控，后来这些指控被撤消。
1） Reject 拒绝，抵制；驳回，否决
The board of Directors rejected my request of quitting.
董事会拒绝了我的辞职请求。 The court rejected her appeal.法院驳回了她的上诉。
2）withdrawn 撤消，撤回，退出；取回，提取
The demand was withdrawn at the meeting.
这个要求在会议上被撤消了。
I''m running out of money， I''ll withdraw some from my bank account.
我的钱快花完了，我要从我的银行帐户上取点钱。
10. Who were prepared to say in private. 他们私下会这样说。
1）be prepared to do sth.： 准备做……；愿意做……，又如： They''re prepared to have a try though the chances of success are very small. 尽管成功的可能不大，他们准备试一试。
2）in private： 私下，与之相对应的是in public（公开）。 The two drivers reached an agreement in private.这两个司机私下里达成了协议。
11. “Look， we''re in a wheeling-dealing business. ”——（“Look， in the business world， we''re faced with a lot of complicated deals， so we have to use whatever means to gain profits.”/“In the business world， the competition is very fierce.”）看， 我们所干的事竞争异常激烈，往往需要不择手段。
1）wheel and deal： （usually used in the progressive tenses wheeling and dealing） to do a lot of complicated deals in business or politics， often in a dishonest way /wheeling-dealing：（口语）在政治活动或生意中为了打垮对手而必须不择手段的。
2）business 此处既可作“生意”解，也可作“事业”解。Go into business下海，经商； business hours营业时间； come down to business言归正传，着手做，it''s none of your business不关你的事
12. Every year we''re selling more than a ￡ 1，000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million greasing the palms of some of the buyers， who''s hurt？ ——（It is worthwhile to bribe some of our buyers with a few million so as to secure contracts worth ￡ 1，000 million.）每年我们在海外要卖出价值10亿英镑的汽车，要是我们花上几百万贿赂买方，对我们的利益毫无损害。我们不这么做。别人也会干的。
1） ……worth of sth.： 价值……的……，又如： ￥2，000 worth of chemical fertilizer价值2，000元人民币的化肥 $5，000 worth of books价值5，000美元的书 spend （an amount of money） doing sth.： 花……钱用来做……，又如： They spent ￥50，000 fixing their apartment. 他们花了5万元人民币修理单元住房。
2） grease sb.''s palm： （old-fashioned， informal） to give sb. money in a secret or dishonest way in order to persuade them to do sth. for your benefit； to pay bribes ； give sb. money in order to persuade them to do something dishonest for one向某人行贿。 Cf. oil the wheels： （informal） to make things go more smoothly， esp. in business， sometimes by offering people illegal gifts or money
3） Who''s hurt？： We won''t be hurt in the least.对我们来说，这只不过是小菜一碟。这是个修辞性疑问句，表示强调所说的话。 If we didn''t do it……would do it注意此句包含一个虚拟条件句。
14. It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed， they seem to have become a fact of commercial life. ——（It is not difficult to see that bribery and other dishonest payments are becoming more and more widespread. In fact， bribery has become something we have to face and accept in business activities.）行贿和其他不正当的送钱的情况越来越多，这种印象很难磨灭。的确，这种情况好像已经成了商界无可争辩的事实。
1） Resist 抵制 Many people couldn''t resist the temptation of money and desire.许多人无法抵制金钱和权力的诱惑。
2） on the increase
3） a fact of life：a true thing that that cannot ignored， even if it is unpleasant.无可争辩的事实。
15. To take just one example， the Chrysler Corporation， third largest of the U.S. motor manufacturers， disclosed that it made questionable payments of more than $ 2.5 million between 1971 and 1976.仅以美国第三汽车制造商克莱斯勒公司为例，该公司透露说从1971至1976年他们就支付了超过250万美元的不正当的款项。
1）to take just one example： 不定式短语，在句中是独立成分，又如： To tell the truth， I don''t like the idea. 说老实话，我觉得这怎么样。 To be frank， I was thirsty like everyone else. 坦白说，我和其他人一样渴。
2）disclose 透露，揭露 He wrote a letter to the Public Security Organ to disclose the mayor''s scandal of taking bribes.他写了一封信给公安部门来揭露这个市长的受贿丑闻。
16. By making this revelation， it joined more than 300 U.S. companies that had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made dubious payments of one kind or another——bribes， facilitating payments， extra discounts， etc. ——in recent years. 透露了这一秘密之后，该公司也加入了向美国证券交易署承认近年来曾经支付过各种不正当的款项——行贿、疏通费以及附加折扣等——的三百多家公司的行列。
1）by……， sb./sth.join……： 通过做……，加入了……的队伍。
2）the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission：美国证券交易署。
3）……of one kind or another： 不同类的……，不是这种就是那种的……。
4）facilitating payments： 为了事顺利而支付的款项。
5）extra discounts： 超额折扣。
17. For discussion purposes， we can divide these payments into three broad categories. 为了讨论便利起见，我们把这种款项分为三大类。
divide……into： 把（人、事或物）分为……。
又如： In oral classes， we divide the class into two groups.
上口语课时，我们把全班学生分成两组。
According to their political attitude， the faculty can be divided into three categories： the radical， the conservative， and the middle-of-the-roader.
按其政治态度，教职人员可分为三类：激进派、保守派和中间派。
18. The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts.——（The first type of bribery involves large amounts of money paid for political reasons， i.e.， to a candidate who is running for political office or for obtaining major contracts.）为了政治目的，或是为了获得重大项目合同而付的巨款属第一类。
1） consist of： 由……组成。
又如： Their diet chiefly consists of rice and vegetables.
他们日常的主要食物是大米和蔬菜。
The delegation consists of students from all corners of the country.
代表团由业自全国各地的学生组成。
2） made for……major contracts 是分词短语，作定语修饰substantial payments，介词短语for political purposes和不定式短语to secure major contracts都是目的状语，修饰made.
19. For example， the U.S. conglomerate ITT （International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation） offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential candidate at a time when it was under investigation for possible violation of the U.S. anti-trust law. ——（The U.S. conglomerate ITT， for example， once gave a U.S. presidential candidate a lot of money when it was in danger of being prosecuted for breaking the U.S. anti-trust law.） 例如，在调查美国ITT（国际电话电报公司）是否违反美国反托拉斯法案之际，该集团为支持一位美国总统候选人提供了大量资金。
1） conglomerate： a large corporation formed by different firms/companies joining together集团
2） in support of sb./sth.： supporting/in favour of sb./sth.支持，赞成。
又如： He voted in support of an anti-dumping bill.
他对一项反倾销法案投了赞成票。
She spoke in support of anti-smuggling measures.
她发言支持反走私措施。
3） at a time when： 正当……的时刻。
又如： She returned at a time when she thought she could best serve her country.
她在她认为能最好为自己国家服务之际回来了。
How can we call ourselves his friends if we stand by at a time when he desperately needs help？
在他急需帮助之际，我们却袖手旁观，这够朋友吗？
4） under investigation： being investigated在调查之中， 正受到调查。此处under表示“处于某种状况”，常见的短语有： （buildings） under repair/construction（建筑物）正在修复或施工之中 （matters） under consideration/discussion（事情或事件）正在考虑或讨论之中
The case is still under investigation.
案件仍在调查之中。
5）anti-trust law： an American law intended to prevent companies form monopolizing certain products and unfairly controlling prices反托拉斯法
20. Was ready to finance efforts to overthrow the Marxist government of Chile whose President was Salvadore Allende. 愿意资助推翻以萨尔瓦多？阿连德为总统的智利马克思主义政府的种种尝试。
1） ready to do sth.： willing and eager to do sth.愿意并很迫切做……。
又如： They''re always ready to lend a helping hand.
他们一贯乐于助人。
Laura loved him and he was ready to kiss her shoestrings.
劳拉爱他，他都乐于吻她的鞋带。
2） Salvadore Allende：萨尔瓦多·阿连德（1908-1973），智利社会党创建人和领袖，1970-1973年任智利总统，1973年9月在军事政变中殉职。他执政期间做了不少有利于人民的事情。西方反动势力惯于把推行诸如土地改革、注重人民卫生健康等政策的左派政府称为马克思主义政府。 此处不定式to overthrow……Salvadore Allende作定语，修饰efforts.
21. In this category， we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms or major petrochemical and construction contracts.——（One type/form of bribery in the second category includes large payments made to important and influential people such as ruling families or their close advisers in order to get contracts involving large amounts of money.）
ruling family： the family that has control over a country， e.g.， a king in a kingdom， Sheik in some Arab countries统治/执政家族
22. In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran， a witness claimed that ￡ 1 million had been paid by a British company to a “go-between” who helped clinch a deal for supply of tanks to that country.——（In a court case， a witness said that in selling weapons to Iran， a British company paid ￡ 1 million to someone who helped it make the sale of tanks to that country.） 在涉及与伊朗进行武器交易的案件中，一位证人声称一家英国公司向助其达成供应伊朗坦克的买卖的“中间人”支付了100万英镑。
1） to make/conclude/finalize a deal with sb. 与某人做成一笔交易 此处分词短语involving an arms deal with Iran作定语，修饰a court case.
2） claim that：（未经证实或证明）声称，断言，又如： Some scientist claims that he has found an effective cure for AIDS. 某位科学家声称他已经找到了治疗艾滋病的有效办法。
3） 这里“go-between”一词用了引号表示并不是真正的中间人，而是统治该国的家庭的成员或是他们的高参（即本段开始提到的ruling families or their close advisers）。
4） clinch a deal： to conclude a deal successfully：（口语）达成交易。 deal： an agreement， esp. in business， on certain terms for buying or doing交易
23. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party funds.——（Other countries have also tried to make foreign companies offer political parties financial support.） 其他国家也有对外国公司施加压力使其为党派基金捐款的情况。
1） be known to do sth.： 知其做……，又如： The company is known to have secret dealings with smugglers. 人们都知道这家公司与走分子有秘密来往。 He was known to have worked for the Japanese invaders， so he was unpopular among his neighbours. 众所周知，他曾为日本入侵者干过事，所以邻居们都讨厌他。
2） put pressure on sb.： to force or try to persuade sb. to do向某人施加压力 The international community is putting pressure on both sides to stop fighting. 国际社会向双方施加压力使他们停火。
3）make donations to： 向……捐款。
24.The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project， to speed up the wheels of bureaucracy. （链接2） 第二类包含为了使官方更快批准某个项目以及为了加快官僚机构运作所支付的款项。
1） speed up（sth.）： increase or make sth. increase speed加速；使加速。
又如： They decided to take steps to speed up the reform of the SOEs （state-owned enterprises）。
他们决定采取措施加快国有企业的改革。
As he got excited， he noticed that his breathing had speeded up.
他变得激动起来，注意到他的呼吸加快了。
2） the wheels of bureaucracy， etc： that which enables bureaucracy， etc. to function 能使……运作起来的关键。
25. Finally， he hit upon the answer.最后终于想出了办法。
hit upon： think of a good idea， etc. suddenly or by chance 突然或偶然想出（好主意等）。
又如： He hit upon a way of making a living.
他偶然想到了一种谋生手段。
He hit upon a perfect name for his grandson.
他突然为他的孙子想到了一个顶好的名字。
26. Discovering that the minister was a bibliophile， he bought a rare edition of a book， slipped $ 20，000 within its pages， then presented it to the minister. 了解到那位部长是个藏书家，他买了一本书的珍稀版本，在书里夹了两万美元，然后把书献给了部长。
1）discovering that……分词短语作时间状语，修饰谓语动词bought.
2）present sth. to sb./sb. with sth.：（尤其指正式场合中）将……献或颁发给某人。
又如： The children presented the guests with flowers.
孩子们向客人们献了花。
Celebrities have been invited to present the awards to the winners.
请了名人给优胜者颁发奖品。
27. This man examined its contents， then said： “I understand there is a two-volume edition of this book.” 此人查看了书中所含，然后说：“据我所知，此书有两卷本的版本。”
contents： the things contained in sth.（房间、盒子和瓶子等里）所放的东西；（书籍的）目录。 这里contents是双关，表面上是指书的内容（目录），实际指书里夹的钱（即他计算了书里共夹有多少钱）。
28. The sales manager， who was quick-witted， replied： “My company cannot afford a two-volume edition， sir， but we could offer you a copy with an appendix！”—— （This is an indirect way of saying， “My company cannot afford to double the amount/another $ 20，000， but we could make an extra payment.”）机智的销售经理回答说：“先生，两卷本超越了敝公司之财力，不过我们能为您提供一部带有附录的版本。”不久之后，这桩交易获得批准。 注意双方都以暗示的方式，相当明确地表达了各自的要求或承诺，部长暗示对方再加两万美元，经理暗示公司不愿追加如此大的数目，但可以再少加一笔钱。
quick-witted 机智的，反应机敏的
29. The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to facilitate the passage of a business deal.——（In many countries it is common to pay someone to ease the passage of a business deal/to make it possible or easier for a business deal to be concluded. Payments of this type belongs to/go with the third category of bribery.） 第三类是指在一些需要疏通有关人员生意才能顺利进行的国家里（外国公司）所支付的款子。
1） 此句从made直到结尾是个分词短语，修饰payments；定语从句where it is traditional……a business deal修饰countries；在此定语从句中，to pay people……a business deal是定语从句的主语，it是形式主语，而to facilitate……deal是目的状语，修饰to pay people.
2）facilitate： （formal） to make an action or a process possible or easier疏通
The new airport will facilitate tourism.
新机场将促进旅游业。
30. The payment may be made by a foreign company to ensure that a tender is put on a selective contract list or the company may pay so that an import licence for essential equipment is approved.——（A foreign company may make such payments to get a tender included on a selective contract list so that the company will gin an advantage over some of its competitors. Or perhaps the company offers money so as to get permission to import important equipment for a project.） 为了确保其投标项目能够被列入经过筛选的合同名单，或者是为了使其重要设备的进口得以顺利批准，外国公司可能要为此而支付一笔钱。
1） ensure that： make sure that确保……成功；保证。
2） tender： a formal statement of the price you would charge for doing a job or providing goods or services报价单
3） a selective contract list： a list of companies chosen from among all those that have been entered the bidding
4） so that……为目的状语从句，修饰pay.
31. Sometimes an expensive gift may be necessary to soften up a government official.——（Sometimes in order to please a government official so that he will do what you ask him to you''ve got to give him an expensive gift.） 有时为了使一位政府官员手软，需要向他馈赠一份昂贵的礼物。（即俗话所说：“拿人家的手软。”）
soften sb. up： （informal） to put sb. in good mood before asking them go do sth. ； make sb. unable or less able to resist being persuaded（口语）使……的态度软化。
They treated you well， but it was just to soften you up.
他们对你不错，但这只不过是为了让你替他们干事。
32. A common type in this category is the “facilitating payment”-usually a smaller sum of money-made to certain customs officials to clear cargoes.——（Also included in the third category is what is known as “facilitating payment”。 Usually it involves a smaller sum of money given to customs officials to get the goods that have been delivered cleared through customs.） “疏通费”是这类贿赂中常见的一种形式，一般数额不太大，是为了让货物顺利通过海关，向海关官员支付的钱。
1）分词短语 made to customs officials to clear cargoes作定语，修饰the “facilitating payment” “疏通费”是这类贿赂中常见的一种形式，一般数额不太大，是为了让货物顺利通过海关，向海关官员支付的钱。 Usually a smaller sum of money是插入语，补充说明the “facilitating payment”
2）clear： to give official permission for a person， a ship， a plane or goods to leave or enter a place to clear goods through customs货物通过海关而允许入境或出境
33. One businessman has told the story of a delivery of 10，000 bottles of sterile penicillin at the airport of a Far Eastern country. 一位商人讲了关于一万瓶无菌青霉素运至某个远东国家机场的情况。
1）a delivery of： 运送
2）sterile penicillin： 无菌青霉素
34.It was apparently customary to pay customs officials about $250 upon arrival of each shipment to “get them out of the sun.” （链接）此地很明显的惯例是每一批货到港后，为了让海关官员不找麻烦要付给他们250美元。
get sb. out of the sun： 不找某人麻烦。 不定式to pay……to “get them out of the sun”是句子的主语，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的时间，to “get them out of the sun”是状语，说明pay的目的。
35. In this case， the company was not prepared to make such a payment， so no money changed hands. （链接） （It seemed to be a common practice to pay $ 250 to a customs official for each load imported goods.） But for this delivery， the company was not willing to pay， so the customs official received no “facilitating payment”。 这回，这家公司不愿意花这种钱，因此没有送钱。 change hands： to pass to a different owner（房产等）转手，易主，又如： The hotel has changed hands three times in ten years. 这家饭店10年内是，三次变换主人。
get sb. out of the sun： 不找某人麻烦。 不定式to pay……to “get them out of the sun”是句子的主语，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的时间，to “get them out of the sun”是状语，说明pay的目的。
36. The Minister of Health of that nation then ordered （链接）that each phial be opened for inspection， thereby destroying the whole shipment.其后该国卫生部长下令每一小瓶（青霉素）都要打开检查，从而毁了整批药品。
order：（命令）后面的宾语从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气，其形式与动词原形一致，其模式为：order that sth. be done/sb. do sth.，又如： The doctor ordered that the wounded soldiers be moved to safety at once. 医生下令伤员立即撤往安全处。 分词短语thereby destroying the whole shipment作状语，修饰open，表示伴随open所发生的事或产生的情况。Thereby： by that means or action（正式）借以。
37. Is it possible to formulate a code of rules for companies which would outlaw bribery in all its forms？——（Is it possible to make rules for companies to follow that would ban all forms of bribery？） 为公司制定经营条例从而使各种形式的行贿活动成为非法，这可行吗？定语从句which would outlaw……all its forms修饰a code of rules for companies.
1）formulate： to create or prepare sth. carefully， paying particular attention to the details制定 formulate a rule/policy制定规则、政策
a code of rules： a set of rules which are accepted as general principles； a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave准则
a code of conduct：行为准则
2）outlaw： to make it illegal and unacceptable宣布……非法 The European Convention of Human Rights outlaws discrimination between the sexes. 欧洲人权组织宣布性别歧视违法。 The outlawed political group went underground. 那个非法的政治团体转入了地下活动。
38. The International Chambers of Commerce（ICC） favours a code of conduct which would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. 国际商会主张制定禁止受贿、索贿的经营法规。
favour： support sb./sth. 支持，赞成……，主张；更喜欢。
又如： Certain countries favour sending UN observers rather than peace-keeping troops to that area.
某些国家主张派联合国观察员而不是维和部队到那个地区。
Not all Confucian ideas are favoured today， especially among the young.
今天并非孔夫子的所有思想都得到认同，特别是在年轻人当中。
They favour a traditional wedding.
他们俩都倾向搞一个传统的婚礼。
39. This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and padded fees. A council has been proposed to administer the code.此法规要分清何为正当服务所付之佣金而何为超高佣金。有人建议成立一个执行机构。
1）distinguish between A and B/A from B： show the difference between A and B划分……和……的区别；区分。
又如： The law distinguishes between manslaughter and murder.
法律界定过失杀人和蓄意谋杀的区别。
I think he''s old enough to distinguish the right from the wrong.
他不小了，该能够辨别是非了。 Heroes and heroines are distinguished from ordinary men and woman by uncommon courage， achievements， and self-sacrifice.
男女英雄通过不同寻常的勇气、成就与自我牺牲而与常人区分开来。
此处不定式是定语，修饰，为了避免主语太长，而置于句尾。
2）be proposed to： 建议
40. The British members， led by Lord Shawcross， would like the system to have enough legal teeth to make companies behave themselves. “It''s no use having a dog without teeth，” they argue.——（“Laws without legal effective enforcement are useless，” they argue.）以肖克罗斯勋爵为首的英国会员们认为这个法规应有足够的法律约束力，让各公司规规矩矩地办事，他们认为“养一条没有牙齿的狗毫无用处。”
1）legal teeth： legal effective force（英，口语）法律约束力。
behave oneself： 检点自己的行为。（一般指个人的行为举止，这里指在经营中不要搞行贿等不正当的活动。）
2）It''s no use having a dog without teeth， Laws without legal effective enforcement are useless，没有法律强制力的法律是没用的
41. However， the French delegates think it is the businessof governments to make and impose law； the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong， but not to impose anything.——（The French delegates think that an international business organization like the ICC can only give guidelines to companies （it cannot control or reduce bribery by its own efforts）。 It is up to governments in those countries where bribery is common to stamp out this practice by bringing in laws against corruption and making sure these are enforced.）然而，法国代表认为制定和实施法规是各国政府的职责；像国际商会这样的商业组织的任务则是确定是与非的界限，而不是推行任何法规。
1）business： sth. that concerns a particular person or organization权利，事务
You had no business reading my private letters. 你无权看我的私人信件。
Mind you own business. 关心你自己的事吧！ （不要干预他人的事。）
It''s none of your business. 这不关你的事。
2）impose： to force the acceptance of （usually sth. difficult or unwanted）强加，强适
Parents often impose their own moral values on their children.
父母往往让子女接受自己的道德观。
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
最近政府对香烟征收高额赋税。
42.In a well-known British newspaper， a writer argued recently that “industry is caught in a web of bribery” and that everyone is “on the take ” （链接3）。——（Bribery is widespread and is difficult for a businessman to avoid.） 在一家英国著名的报纸上，最近一位撰稿人指出“实业界已经陷入贿赂的网络”，人人都“受贿”。
1） argue that：（正式）认为；提出理由极力证明。 作者用be caught in a web of bribery表明贿赂非常普遍，商人很难避免。
2） be caught in： be stuck in陷入。 a web of sth.： a close-related set of things that can be very complicated一系列（相关、复杂的事物），圈套；网络，又如： （create） a web of companies（创建）一系列的公司 （weave） a web of lies（编造）一系列的谎言
3） on the take： receiving bribes； regularly taking bribes（俚语）索取不正当的钱财，索贿，收贿。
43. However， today''s businessman， selling in overseas markets， will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business with his moral conscience.——（……today''s businessman ……will often find it hard to settle the conflict between his business interests and his moral principles.） （Often he has to choose between the two， and is compelled either to sacrifice his business interests for his moral principles， or stick to/stand by his moral principles at the cost/expense of his business interest.） 然而，今天的商人在海外市场进行销售时，在许多情况下很难做到既维护自己的商业利益又符合自己的道德准则。
square sth. with sth.：to make two ideas，facts，or situations agree or combine well with each other；（口语）（使）……与……一致。
又如： His deeds don''t square with his words. 他的言行不一。
You''ve got to square your dream with reality if you want to succeed.
你要是想成功，就必须把你的梦想与现实结合起来。
We should square our personal interests with those of our country.
我们应该把个人利益与国家的复兴结合起来。
分词短语selling in overseas markets 作状语，修饰meet；定语从句where it is……moral conscience修饰situations.
