唯美主义运动（Aesthetic movement）是于19世纪后期出现在英国艺术和文学领域中的一场组织松散的运动。提倡“为艺术而艺术”，强调超然于生活的纯粹美，追求形式完美和艺术技巧，他的兴起是对社会功利哲学、市侩习气和庸俗作风的反抗。通常，人们认为唯美主义和彼时发生在法国的象征主义或颓废主义运动同属一脉，是这场国际性文艺运动在英国的分支。这场运动是反维多利亚风格风潮的一部分，具有后浪漫主义的特征。它发生于维多利亚时代晚期，大致从1868年延续至1901年，通常学术界认为唯美主义运动的结束以奥斯卡·王尔德被捕为标志。
所谓"唯美主义"，就是以艺术的形式美作为绝对美的一种艺术主张。这里所说的"美"，是指脱离现实的技巧美。因此，有时也将唯美主义称为"耽美主义"或"美的至上主义"。 十九世纪末的英国唯美主义运动的形成，具有两大要素：一是比德（1839-1894）的快乐主义的批评；二是莫理思（1834-1896）的生活艺术化的思想。比德认为，文艺批评家的职责不在于掌握知识，罗列材料，以满足正确的美的定义，而应该具有一种特殊气质，善于感受美的对象的能力，将自己同书本中的内容紧密地联系起来，从中探讨得到的快感和乐趣，这才是审美批评的根本。莫理思认为，改造社会的目的是自由地伸展，就非使日常生活艺术化不可。任何文明社会，假如不能对它的成员提供这种环境，那么世界就没有存在的必要。比德和莫理思的上述观点，奠定了唯美主义的理论基础。再加上英国诗坛中拉斐尔前派的主要代表罗塞蒂（1828-1882）以及史文朋（1837-1909）等人的努力，终于形成了唯美主义运动。
英国的颓废派作家们受瓦尔特·佩特的影响非常大。佩特在1867年至1868年之间发表了一系列文章，主张人们应该热情的拥抱生活，追求生活的艺术化。颓废主义者们接受了这一观点。法国哲学家维克多·库辛和奥菲尔·戈蒂埃在法国推广了这一观念，提出“为艺术而艺术”的口号，并声称艺术与道德之间没有关联。
唯美主义运动中的作家和艺术家认为：艺术的使命在于为人类提供感观上的愉悦，而非传递某种道德或情感上的信息。因此，唯美主义者们拒绝接受约翰·罗斯金和马修·阿诺德提出的“艺术是承载道德的实用之物”的功利主义观点。相反，唯美主义者认为艺术不应具有任何说教的因素，而是追求单纯的美感。他们如痴如醉的追求艺术的“美”，认为“美”才是艺术的本质，并且主张生活应该模仿艺术。唯美主义运动的主要特征包括：追求建议性而非陈述性、追求感观享受、对象征手法的大量应用、追求事物之间的关联感应——即探求语汇、色彩和音乐之间内在的联系。
唯美主义视浪漫主义诗人约翰·济慈和雪莱为先驱，也受到了拉斐尔前派的影响。在英国，唯美主义最杰出的代表人物是奥斯卡·王尔德和阿尔杰农·查尔斯－斯温伯恩，这两个人都接受过法国象征主义的影响。和唯美主义运动有关联的艺术家包括詹姆斯·麦克尼尔·惠斯勒和但丁·加布里埃尔·罗塞蒂。唯美主义思潮对室内设计也产生了影响。唯美主义的室内设计师们喜欢以孔雀羽毛和蓝白相间的中国瓷器作为装饰。唯美主义运动曾经受到来自杂志《笨拙》以及吉尔伯特和苏利文的小歌剧《忍耐》的嘲讽。
Aesthetic Movement literature
The British decadent writers were deeply influenced by the Oxford don Walter Pater and his essays published in 1867–68, in which he stated that life had to be lived intensely, following an ideal of beauty. His Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873) became a sacred text for art-centric young men of the Victorian era. Decadent writers used the slogan "Art for Art's Sake" (L'art pour l'art), coined by the philosopher Victor Cousin and promoted by Théophile Gautier in France, and asserted that there was no connection between art and morality.
The artists and writers of the Aesthetic movement tended to hold that the Arts should provide refined sensuous pleasure, rather than convey moral or sentimental messages. As a consequence, they did not accept John Ruskin and Matthew Arnold's utilitarian conception of art as something moral or useful. Instead, they believed that Art did not have any didactic purpose; it need only be beautiful. The Aesthetes developed the cult of beauty, which they considered the basic factor in art. Life should copy Art, they asserted. They considered nature as crude and lacking in design when compared to art. The main characteristics of the movement were: suggestion rather than statement, sensuality, massive use of symbols, and synaesthetic effects—that is, correspondence between words, colours and music.
Aestheticism had its forerunners in John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley, and among the Pre-Raphaelites. In Britain the best representatives were Oscar Wilde and Algernon Charles Swinburne, both influenced by the French Symbolists, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The movement and these poets were satirised in Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera Patience and other works, such as F. C. Burnand's The Colonel, and in comic magazines, such as Punch.
Compton Mackenzie's novel Sinister Street makes use of the type as a phase through which the protagonist passes under the influence of older, decadent individuals. The novels of Evelyn Waugh, who was a young participant in aesthete society at Oxford, portray the aesthete mostly from a satirical point of view, but also from that of an insider. Some names associated with this loose assemblage are Robert Byron, Evelyn Waugh, Harold Acton, Nancy Mitford, and Anthony Powell.
代表作家与作品1、戈蒂耶 《莫班小姐》
2、王尔德 《快乐王子集》《道连格雷的画像》
戏剧：《温德米尔夫人的扇子》《无足轻重的女人》《理想丈夫》《不可儿戏》
3、谷崎润一郎 春琴抄
