乔姆斯基:思想与理想(第二版)(国外语言学与应用语言学人大版影印文库)
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品牌: 内尔·史密斯
基本信息·出版社：中国人民大学出版社
·页码：282 页
·出版日期：2009年
·ISBN：9787300099750
·条形码：9787300099750
·包装版本：2版
·装帧：平装
·开本：16
·正文语种：英语
·丛书名：国外语言学与应用语言学人大版影印文库
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内容简介In this rigorous yet accessible account of Chomsky ' s work and influence, Nell Smith analyses Chomsky' s key contributions to the study of language and the study of mind He gives a ~led" and partly historical exposition of Chomsky ' s linguistic theorizing, and examines the ideas （such as deep and surface structure） for which he is best known. Smith discusses the psychological and philosophical implications of Chomsky s work, and gues that he has fundamentally changed the way we think of ourselves, gaining a position in the history of ideas on a par with that of Darwin or Descartes. Finally, he examines Chomsky' s political ideas and how these fit intellectually with his scholarly work. Smith argues that, despite Chomsky ' s own disavowal of any very close connection, there are fundamental ideas of rationality, creativity and modularity that draw together the disparate strands of his vast output. Throughout, Smith explores the controversy surrounding Chomsky's work, and explains why he has been both adulated and vilified.
This second edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to account for Chomsky's most recent work, including his continued contributions to linguistics （in particular new developments in the Minimalist Program）, his further discussion on evolution, and his extensive work on the events of September 11,2001 and their aftermath. The bibliography and notes have been expanded to account for the rapidly growing secondary literature on Chomsky's work, as well as the many new works by Chomsky himself. It will be welcomed by students and researchers across the disciplines of linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science and politics, and anyone with an interest in the impact of Chomsky's work.
目录
Preface to the second edition
Acknowledgments for the first edition
Introduction
Chomsky's achievement
On heroes and influences
1 The mirror Of the mind
Linguistics as a science
The nature of idealization
Common sense
Modularity
Double dissociation
Modules and quasi-modules
Intelligence and "learning"
Competence and performance
Competence and grammar
Rules
I-language and E-language
Performance, parsing, and pragmatics
Parsing considerations
Pragmatic considerations
Competence and performance versus I-language and E-language
Evolution and innateness
Language acquisition
Poverty of the stimulus
Word meaning
Universals
Natural language and the language of thought
Summary
2 The linguistic foundation
Introduction
Knowledge of language
The lexicon
Knowledge of structure
Knowledge of structural relations
Levels of representation
Constituents and rules
Deep structure
Description versus explanation
From rules of principles
The elimination of PS rules
X-bar theory
Government and Binding theory
Binding theory
Locality
Theta theory
Case theory and government
Empty categories
The status of transformations
Principles and parameters
Lexical and functional categories
Minimalism
Economy
The elements of Minimalism
Perfect syntax
A historical progression
Evolution
Psychological reality
Causality and observability
Psychological reality and the nature of evidence
Intuitions
Language processing
The derivational theory of complexity
Grammars and parsers
Parsing problems
Economy
Language acquisition (Plato's problem)
Teaching versus learning
Learning versus growing
Parameter setting
The critical period hypothesis
Maturation
Language pathology
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
The polyglot savant
Specific language impairment (SLI)
Connectionism: the behaviorists strike back
Philosophical realism: commitments and controversies
Commitments
Realism
I-language revisited
Representation and computation
Naturalism
Mentalism
Tacit knowledge
The mind-body problem
Controversies
Language and the world
Language and the community
Language and the individual
Problems of semantics
Innateness
Unification and reduction
Conclusions
Language and freedom
Explanation and dissent: the common threads
Relentless dissent
Common sense and theory
Rationality, modularity, and creativity
Rationality
Modularity
Malleability and plasticity
Creativity
The anarchist background
The Encyclopefistes
The critique of (American) foreign policy
Vietnam
East Timor
9-11: terrorism and the "war on terror"
The critique of domestic policy
Pig farming in Haiti
Drug trafficking
The critique of media control
Murder
Third world elections
The treason of the intellectuals
The technique of dissection
The exposure of warped perspective
The exposure of suppressed precursor events
The exposure of debased language
Moral absolutes and options for the future
The Faudsson affair
Islamic fundamentalism
Authority
The positive program
Conclusion
Envoi
Notes
Bibliography
Index
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序言Much has happened in the five years since I finished the first edition of this book. Linguistics has advanced, the cognitive sciences have exploded, the world has become ever more dangerous, and Chomsky has continued to lead a dual existence as academic and activist.
To take account of all these changes is impossible. Nevertheless, I have made many additions and amendments. First, I have corrected mistakes where I have become aware of them, and attempted to clarify points which were unclear. Second, I have updated the notes and references where that has been within my ability. As no one can be master of all the disciplines touched on here, I have concentrated on updating those sections pertaining to areas where Chomsky's recent work has been directly relevant. As a result, the bibliog- raphy contains entries for about forty new works by Chomsky himself: over fifteen new or revised books, and another twenty-five new articles. At the same time, the secondary literature on Chomsky has also burgeoned: major works have appeared by Antony & Hornstein （2003）, McGilvray （1999）, Mitchell & Schoeffel （2002）, Winston （2002）, and many others. These, as well as about a hundred other new entries are likewise included and, where relevant, I have simultaneously expanded the notes to include reference to these new items.
Third, I have attempted to give some indication of how the field and the world have changed since 1998. Chomsky has continued to produce seminal work in linguistics, and I have revised the relevant sections of chapter 2 and added some discussion of developments in Minimalism accordingly. This has entailed making a number of modifications to the first edition, where I had failed to lay the relevant groundwork for some of the issues that now occupy center-stage. I have also updated the discussion of evolution, another area where Chomsky has produced interesting new work. Most obviously, I have added a section on the events of September 11, 2001 and their aftermath - "9-11" - which have overwhelmingly preoccupied Chomsky's time and energy. These revisions and extensions have necessitated other minor changes throughout the book.
文摘Katz's answer is straightforward: he claims that the properties of the psy- chological constructs postulated by linguists entail that they must be treated as abstract objects, and Chomsky's failure to acknowledge this results in the whole of his framework being called into question. The reason for this rather dramatic conclusion is that as abstract objects by hypothesis have no causal powers, and Chomsky's theory deals with causal entities, there is an unbridge- able gap between the phenomena to be explained and the devices postulated to explain them.46
There are two reasons why one could conclude that the objection is not cogent. First, we have seen that Chomsky is committed to representationalism, and although abstract objects themselves may not have causal powers, representa- tions of abstract objects by an organism may indeed have causal powers. Second, Chomsky's notion of I-language anyway renders it immune to Katz's claims. Part of Katz's discussion revolves around the mathematical properties of the set of sentences that constitute a natural language: is this set denumerably infinite or is it non-denumerably infinite？As Alexander George has documented, the argument that languages are non-denumerably infinite is flawed.48 But even if it was not, there would be no serious implication for Chomsky's position, because the argument presupposes a view of （E-）language that he has explicitly repudi- ated: language for him is I-language, a state of the mind-brain, and not a set of sentences. His claim is stronger than Katz and others seem to realize: the issue of denumerability is irrelevant, because the conception of a language as consist- ing of a set of sentences is incoherent in the absence of some indication of how that set is generated, and this is feasible only in terms of procedures which are parasitic on I-language. Katz is aware of the I-language/E-language distinction, but he appears to ascribe comparable status to both,49 writing that "although theorie
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