现在进行时
现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成,它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下:
i am working。
i am not working。
am i working?
现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。
where are they having the basket-ball match?
they are putting up the scaffolding。
he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“正在”这样的字,在译为英语时却必须用进行时态:
how are you getting on with the work?
the work is going fairly smoothly。
you are making rapid progress。
it is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for?
whenever i see her,she is working in the garden。我每次看到她时,她总是在花园
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。
the train is arriving。火车就要进站了。
the old man is dying。老头病危了。
现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安安排要进行的动作(这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语):
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow?
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong!coming。
who is interpreting for you?
we are having a holiday next monday。
但这仅限于少量动词,如go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,work,sleep,stay,play,do,have,wear等。
另外,“be going+不定式”这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算(准备)做的事:
i am afraid it is going to rain。
it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用go和come这两个动词,感到很别扭,主张不说are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而说are you going anywhere tomorrow?不说is she going to come?而说is she coming?但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多,这种用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外,在时间和条件状语从句中,间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况:
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest,some else is always working。
if she is still sleeping,do not wake her up。
一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成,shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称。这个时态的肯定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下:
i shall go.
i shall not go.
shall i go?
除英国以外的说英语的国家,在陈述句中,即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势,在口语中常紧缩为i’ll.
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作和情况:
i will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
will you be busy tonight?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
有时表示将来的时间状语,有时没有时间状语,这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况:
i will think it over.
who will take the chair?
will she come?
they won’t object it.
在以i 或 we 作主语的问句中,一般用shall,这时或是征求对方的意见(a),或是询问一个情况(b):
a. shall i make a fair copy of it?
which book shall i read first?
where shall we meet?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
when shall we have the rehearsal?
shall i be able to find them there?
在这类问句中,近年来也有不少人用will,特别是美国。
what will we do?
how will get there?
which will i take?
注意在时间或条件状语从句中,一般不能用将来时态,而用现在时态代替:
i’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
they’ll fight till they win complete victory.
i’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注:在两种情况下条件从句可以用一般将来时:
1. 表示愿望:
if they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat.
2.主句的谓语表时现在的情况:
if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
表示将要发生的动作或情况,除了一般将来时外,还有一些其他结构和时态:
1. be going +不定式(表打算、准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事):
we ‘re going to put up a building here.
how are you going to spend your holiday?
who is going to speak first?
2. be +不定式(表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见):
when is the factory to go into production?
the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work?
动词后可用副词,修饰程度可用副词。将来时态是表示将来要发生的动作或者状态,现在进行时态是正在进行和发生的动作或状态。
一般将来时用will do or be going to do or be coming等形式 现在进行时用 be doing she is reading the English book.
副词主要用来修饰:动词、形容词、和其他副词及相当于形容词的词。在句子中作状语或独立成分。有关详细的用法可参照《张道真英语语法》
副词是有来修饰动词和形容词的
将来时是指将来要发生的动做或事情
现在进行时是指正在进行中的动作或事情。