Modern power generation and transportation
systems powered by hydrocarbons are characterized
by growing air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions. It is generally accepted that the effects
of air pollutants are significant. Nitrogen oxides
(NOx) in combination with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) cause the formation of ground level
ozone and smog. Healthy people can suffer eye
irritation and a decrease in lung function when
exposed to smog. NOx and VOCs react in the
presence of sunlight to produce ozone. Elevated
levels of ozone can cause lung and respiratory
disorders and noticeable leaf damage in many crops,
plants and trees. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions
impact the ability of red blood cells to transport
oxygen to body tissues (e.g., EC, 2005). Numerous
other environmental impacts are associated with
emissions of NOx, VOCs and CO (Dincer, 2002;
Rosen, 2002, 2004). Table 1 presents, for these
airborne pollutants, impact weighting coefficients
(relative to NOx) obtained by the Australian
Environment Protection Authority (Beer et al.,
2006) using cost-benefit analyses of health effects.
Rising concerns about the effects of global
warming, air pollution and declining fossil fuel
stocks have led to increased interest in renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar energies. The
prospects for generating electricity, hydrogen or
synthetic fuels by employing only renewable energy
sources are good. In some ways, electricity generation
technologies including wind turbines and
photovoltaic cells are as developed as hydrogen
production via water electrolysis. Pure hydrogen
can be used as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles, which are
rapidly improving nowadays, or converted into
synthetic liquid fuels by means of such processes
as Fischer–Tropsch reactions (Dry, 1999).
參考答案:现代发电和运输 系统由碳氢化合物供给动力被描绘 由增长的大气污染和温室气体 放射。它一般被接受作用 空气污染物是重大的。氧化氮 (氮化物) 与挥发性有机化合物的组合 (VOCs) 导致底层的形成 臭氧和烟雾。健康人民能遭受眼睛 激怒和在肺脏功能的减退当 暴露在烟雾。氮化物和VOCs 起反应在 阳光出现生产臭氧。举起 臭氧的水平可能导致肺和呼吸 混乱和引人注目的叶子损坏在许多庄稼, 植物和树。一氧化碳(CO) 放射 冲击红血球的能力运输 氧气对身体组织(即, EC 2005) 。众多 其它环境影响同联系在一起 放射氮化物、VOCs 和CO (Dincer 2002 年; Rosen 2002 年, 2004) 。表1 礼物, 为这些 空中污染物, 冲击衡量的系数 (相对氮化物) 由澳大利亚人获得 环境保护当局(Beer 等, 2006) 使用对健康效应的成本效益分析。 对作用的上升的关心的全球性 温暖, 大气污染和下降的矿物燃料 股票导致了增加的兴趣在可更新 能源譬如风和太阳能。 发电的远景, 氢或 综合性燃料由使用唯一可再造能源 来源是好的。在一些方面, 电力生产 技术包括风涡轮和 光电池是作为显现出作为氢 生产通过水电析。纯净的氢 能被使用作为燃料为燃料细胞车, 是 迅速地改善现今, 或转换入 综合性液体燃料通过这样过程 当Fischer-Tropsch 反应(Dry 1999) 。
