《解放黑人奴隶宣言》
Emancipation Proclamation
1863年1月1日 ，总统林肯颁布的一项旨在使美国南部叛乱州的黑人奴隶成为自由民的法令。南北战争初期，联邦政府军失利。为扭转战局，1862年9月22日，林肯召开内阁会议，公布预告性《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。宣布：如果在1863年1月1日以前南方叛乱者不放下武器 ，叛乱诸州的奴隶将从那一天起获得自由并受保障。1863年元旦，林肯依据宪法所授予的合众国陆海军总司令的职权，颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。正式宣布：仍在反叛联邦的各州及若干区域内，“所有被据为奴隶的人们立即获得自由，并且以后将永保自由”，“获得自由的人们”，“将被容纳于联邦的武装部队”，为联邦服务。此举使大批黑人奴隶参加了联邦军队，战争后期达到18万人。但《解放黑人奴隶宣言》不适用于没有参加叛乱的边界蓄奴州，对这些州的奴隶解放仍按1862年4月国会决议，采取自愿的、逐步的、有偿的方式实行。《解放黑人奴隶宣言》是作为军事措施颁布的 ，没有以宪法的形式固定下来。1865年和1868年，国会分别通过了宪法第13、14条修正案，才正式废除奴隶制。
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》是联邦成立以来美国历史上最重要的文件之一，得到国内外进步人士和广大劳动群众的坚决支持和拥护。根据宣言，有400万黑奴获得自由。被解放的黑奴成为联邦军队得力的同盟军，扭转了南北战争的战局，并保证联邦政府夺得最后胜利。
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:
By the President of the United States of America:
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D. 1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:
"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.
"That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States."
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit:
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
-------------------------------------
On Jan. 1, 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side; nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control. Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincoln's order. But the proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery.
Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position. A believer in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of preserving the Union. As pressure for abolition mounted in Congress and the country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea. On Sept. 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation announcing that emancipation would become effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those states still in rebellion. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America--this was achieved by the passage of the 13TH Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. 18, 1865--it did make that accomplishment a basic war goal and a virtual certainty.
DOUGLAS T. MILLER
Bibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation
解放黑奴宣言
(1863年1月1日)
林肯
有鉴于公元1862年9月22日，联邦总统已公布了一项宣言，包含如下内容，即：
自公元1863年元月1日起，任何一州或州内指定地区要是仍蓄有奴隶，当地人民将被视为反叛合众国政府。一切被蓄为奴的人应获得自由，并永享自由。合众国政府，包括陆海军当局，承认并维护上述人员之自由。对于此种人或其中任何一人为争取实际自由而作的努力，不采取任何压制行动。
从上述的元月1日起，总统将认定并宣布那些为反叛合众国政府的州或州内地区。其他各州及当地人民如于该日确有由该州多数合格选民选出的代表真诚地参加合众国国会，倘无其他有力之反证，该州及其人民将被确认为不反叛合众国政府。因此，我，合众国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯，值此合众国政府及其权威受到武装叛乱反对时期，依据合众国陆海军总司令的职权，为剿灭上述叛乱而采取适当与必需的军事手段，在此公元1863年元月1日，于上次为此目的而发表之宣言满100日之际①，正式宣布并认定下列各州、州内地区及其人民反叛合众国政府，即：
阿肯色州、得克萨斯州、路易斯安那州(以下除外：圣伯纳、帕拉奎明斯、杰弗逊、圣约翰、圣查理士、圣詹姆士、阿克森、阿森姆逊、特里本、拉孚切、圣玛丽、圣马丁和奥尔良各教区、新奥尔良市)、密西西比州、亚拉巴马州、佛罗里达州、佐治亚州、南卡罗来纳州、北卡罗来纳州及弗吉尼亚州(除指定为西弗吉尼亚的48个县以及柏克莱、阿康玛克、诺斯汉姆顿、伊丽莎白市、约克、安公主与诺福克，包括诺福克市及朴茨茅斯市)。明确规定，对上述除外的各地区目前保持本宣言公布前之原状。
根据上述目的及我享有之权力，我正式命令并宣布，在上述指明的各州及州内地区，所有被蓄为奴隶的人，从现在起，获得自由，并永享自由。合众国政府，包括其陆海军当局，承认及维护上述人员之自由。
我在此责成上述宣告获得自由之人员，除必须之自卫，应避免使用任何暴力；同时劝告他们，只要可能，在任何情况下都应忠实工作，取得合理的薪金。
我还要宣布周知，上述人员如条件符合，可为合众国征召入伍以警卫堡垒要塞、据点兵站及其他地方，亦可在各种军舰上服务。
我真诚地认为，这是一个正义的行动，此行动由于军事之必需，为宪法所认可。我要求人类判断此行动时予以谅解，请求全能上帝慈悲赐福。
作为证明，我署名于此并加盖合众国国玺。
于华盛顿，1863年元月1日
合众国独立第87周年。
阿伯拉罕·林肯
威廉·西华德（国务卿）
