Network Working Group G. Hellstrom
Request for Comments: 2793 Omnitor AB
Category: Standards Track May 2000
RTP Payload for Text Conversation
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo describes how to carry text conversation session contents
in RTP packets. Text conversation session contents are specified in
ITU-T Recommendation T.140 [1].
Text conversation is used alone or in connection to other
conversational facilities sUCh as video and voice, to form multimedia
conversation services.
This RTP payload description contains an optional possibility to
include redundant text from already transmitted packets in order to
reduce the risk of text loss caused by packet loss. The redundancy
coding follows RFC2198.
1. Introduction
This memo defines a payload type for carrying text conversation
session contents in RTP packets. Text conversation session contents
are specified in ITU-T Recommendation T.140 [1]. Text conversation is
used alone or in connection to other conversational facilities such
as video and voice, to form multimedia conversation services. Text in
text conversation sessions is sent as soon as it is available, or
with a small delay for buffering.
The text is supposed to be entered by human users from a keyboard,
handwriting recognition, voice recognition or any other input method.
The rate of character entry is usually at a level of a few characters
per second or less. Therefore, the eXPected number of characters to
transmit is low. Only one or a few new characters are expected to be
transmitted with each packet.
T.140 specifies that text and other T.140 elements MUST be
transmitted in ISO 10 646-1 code with UTF-8 transformation. That
makes it easy to implement internationally useful applications, and
to handle the text in modern information technology environments.
The payload of an RTP packet following this specification consists of
text encoded according to T.140 without any additional framing. A
common case will be a single ISO 10646 character, UTF-8 encoded.
T.140 requires the transport channel to provide characters without
duplication and in original order. Text conversation users expect
that text will be delivered with no or a low level of lost
information. If lost information can be indicated, the willingness to
accept loss is expected to be higher.
Therefore a mechanism based on RTP is specified here. It gives text
arrival in correct order, without duplications, and with detection
and indication of losses. It also includes an optional possibility
to repeat data for redundancy to lower the risk of loss. Since packet
overhead is usually much larger than the T.140 contents, the increase
in channel load by the redundancy scheme is minimal.
1.1 Terminology
The key Words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [4]
2. Usage of RTP
When transport of T.140 text session data in RTP is desired, the
payload as described in this specification SHOULD be used.
A text conversation RTP packet as specified by this payload format
consists of an RTP header as defined in RFC1889 [2] followed
immediately by a block of T.140 data, defined here to be a
"T140block". There is no additional header specific to this payload
format. The T140block contains one or more T.140 code elements as
specified in [1]. Most T.140 code elements are single ISO 10646 [5]
characters, but some are multiple character sequences. Each
character is UTF-8 encoded [6] into one or more octets. This implies
that each block MUST contain an integral number of UTF-8 encoded
characters regardless of the number of octets per character. It also
implies that any composite character sequence (CCS) SHOULD be placed
within one block.
The T140blocks MAY be transmitted redundantly according to the
payload format defined in RFC2198 [3]. In that case, the RTP header
is followed by one or more redundant data block headers, the same
number of redundant data fields carrying T140blocks from previous
packets, and finally the new (primary) T140block for this packet.
2.1 RTP packet header
Each RTP packet starts with a fixed RTP header. The following fields
of the RTP fixed header are used for T.140 text streams:
Payload Type (PT): The assignment of an RTP payload type is specific
to the RTP profile under which this payload format is used. For
profiles which use dynamic payload type number assignment, this
payload format is identified by the name "T140" (see section 6).
If redundancy is used per RFC2198, the Payload Type MUST indicate
that payload format ("RED").
Sequence number: The Sequence Number MUST be increased by one for
each new transmitted packet. It is used for detection of packet
loss and packets out of order, and can be used in the process of
retrieval of redundant text, reordering of text and marking missing
text.
Timestamp: The RTP Timestamp encodes the approximate instance of
entry of the primary text in the packet. A clock frequency of 1000
Hz MUST be used. Sequential packets MUST NOT use the same
timestamp. Since packets do not represent any constant duration,
the timestamp cannot be used to directly infer packet losses.
2.2 Additional headers
There are no additional headers defined specific to this payload
format.
When redundant transmission of the data according to RFC2198 is
desired, the RTP header is followed by one or more redundant data
block headers, one for each redundant data block to be included.
Each of these headers provides the timestamp offset and length of the
corresponding data block plus a payload type number indicating this
payload format ("T140").
2.3 T.140 Text structure
T.140 text is UTF-8 coded as specified in T.140 with no extra
framing. When using the format with redundant data, the transmitter
MAY select a number of T140block generations to retransmit in each
packet. A higher number introduces better protection against loss of
text but increases the data rate.
Since packets are not generated at regular intervals, the timestamp
is not sufficient to identify a packet in the presence of loss unless
extra information is provided. Since sequence numbers are not
provided in the redundant header, some additional rules must be
followed to allow the redundant data corresponding to missing primary
data to be merged properly into the stream of primary data
T140blocks:
- Each redundant data block MUST contain the same data as a
T140block previously transmitted as primary data, and be
identified with a timestamp offset equating to the original
timestamp for that T140block.
- The redundant data MUST be placed in age order with most
recent redundant T140block last in the redundancy area.
- All T140blocks from the oldest desired generation up through
the generation immediately preceding the new (primary)
T140block MUST be included.
These rules allow the sequence numbers for the redundant T140blocks
to be inferred by counting backwards from the sequence number in the
RTP header. The result will be that all the text in the payload will
be contiguous and in order.
3. Recommended procedures
This section contains RECOMMENDED procedures for usage of the payload
format. Based on the information in the received packets, the
receiver can:
- reorder text received out of order.
- mark where text is missing because of packet loss.
- compensate for lost packets by using redundant data.
3.1 Recommended basic procedure
Packets are transmitted only when there is valid T.140 data to
transmit. The sequence number is used for sequencing of T.140 data.
On reception, the RTP sequence number is compared with the sequence
number of the last correctly received packet. If they are
consecutive, the (only or primary) T140block is retrieved from the
packet.
3.2 Recommended procedure for compensation for lost packets.
For reduction of data loss in case of packet loss, redundant data MAY
be included in the packets following to the procedures in RFC2198.
If network conditions are not known, it is RECOMMENDED to use one
redundant T140block in each packet. If there is a gap in the RTP
sequence numbers, and redundant T140blocks are available in a
subsequent packet, the sequence numbers for the redundant T140blocks
should be inferred by counting backwards from the sequence number in
the RTP header for that packet. If there are redundant T140blocks
with sequence numbers matching those that are missing, the redundant
T140blocks may be substituted for the missing T140blocks.
Both for the case when redundancy is used and not used, missing data
SHOULD be marked by insertion of a missing text marker in the
received stream for each missing T140block, as specified in ITU-T
T.140. Addendum 1 [1].
3.3 Recommended procedure for compensation for packets out of order.
For protection against packets arriving out of order, the following
procedure MAY be implemented in the receiver. If analysis of a
received packet reveals a gap in the sequence and no redundant data
is available to fill that gap, the received packet can be kept in a
buffer to allow time for the missing packet(s) to arrive. It is
suggested that the waiting time be limited to 0.5 seconds. For the
case when redundancy is used the waiting time SHOULD be extended to
the number of redundancy generations times the T.140 buffering timer
if this product is known to be greater than 0.5 seconds.
If a packet with a T140block belonging to the gap arrives before the
waiting time expires, this T140block is inserted into the gap and
then consecutive T140blocks from the leading edge of the gap may be
consumed. Any T140block which does not arrive before the time limit
expires should be treated as lost.
3.4 Transmission during "silent periods" when redundancy is used.
When using the redundancy transmission scheme, and there is nothing
more to transmit from T.140, the latest T140block has a risk of
getting old before it is transmitted as redundant data. The result is
less useful protection against packet loss at the end of a text input
sequence. For cases where this should be avoided, a zero-length
primary T140block MAY be transmitted with the redundant data.
Any zero-length T140blocks that are sent as primary data MUST be
included as redundant T140blocks on subsequent packets just as normal
text T140blocks would be so that sequence number inference for the
redundant T140blocks will be correct, as explained in section 2.3.
Redundancy for the last T140block SHOULD NOT be implemented by
repeatedly transmitting the same packet (with the same sequence
number) because this will cause the packet loss count, as reported in
RTCP, to decrement.
4. Examples
This is an example of a T140 RTP packet without redundancy.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
V=2PX CC=0 M T140 PT sequence number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
timestamp (1000Hz)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
synchronization source (SSRC) identifier
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ T.140 encoded data +
+ +---------------+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This is an example of an RTP packet with one redundant T140block.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
V=2PX CC=0 M "RED" PT sequence number of primary
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
timestamp of primary encoding "P"
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
synchronization source (SSRC) identifier
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1 T140 PT timestamp offset of "R" "R" block length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0 T140 PT
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
+ "R" T.140 encoded redundant data +
+ +---------------+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
"P" T.140 encoded primary data
+ +
+ +---------------+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure: Examples of RTP text packets.
5. Security Considerations
Since the intention of the described payload format is to carry text
in a text conversation, security measures in the form of encryption
are of importance. The amount of data in a text conversation session
is low and therefore any encryption method MAY be selected and
applied to T.140 session contents or to the whole RTP packets. When
redundant data is included, the same security considerations as for
RFC2198 apply.
6. MIME Media Type Registrations
This document defines a new RTP payload name and associated MIME
type, T140 (text/t140).
6.1 Registration of MIME media type text/t140
MIME media type name: text
MIME suBType name: t140
Required parameters: None
Optional parameters: None
Encoding considerations: T140 text can be transmitted with RTP as
specified in RFC2793.
Security considerations: None
Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification: ITU-T T.140 Recommendation.
RFC2793.
Applications which use this media type:
Text communication terminals and text conferencing tools.
Additional information: None
Magic number(s): None
File extension(s): None
Macintosh File Type Code(s): None
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Gunnar Hellstrom
e-mail: gunnar.hellstrom@omnitor.se
Intended usage: COMMON
Author / Change controller:
Gunnar Hellstrom IETF avt WG
gunnar.hellstrom@omnitor.se c/o Steve Casner casner@cisco.com
7. Author's Address
Gunnar Hellstrom
Omnitor AB
Alsnogatan 7, 4 tr
SE-116 41 Stockholm
Sweden
Phone: +46 708 204 288 / +46 8 556 002 03
Fax: +46 8 556 002 06
EMail: gunnar.hellstrom@omnitor.se
8. Acknowledgements
The author wants to thank Stephen Casner and Colin Perkins for
valuable support with reviews and advice on creation of this
document, to Mickey Nasiri at EriCsson Mobile Communication for
providing the development environment, and Michele Mizarro for
verification of the usability of the payload format for its intended
purpose.
9. References
[1] ITU-T Recommendation T.140 (1998) - Text conversation protocol
for multimedia application, with amendment 1, (2000).
[2] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC
1889, January 1996.
[3] Perkins, C., Kouvelas, I., Hardman, V., Handley, M. and J.
Bolot, "RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data", RFC2198,
September 1997.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC2119, March 1997.
[5] ISO/IEC 10646-1: (1993), Universal Multiple Octet Coded
Character Set.
[6] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC
2279, January 1998.
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